Abstract: A method for calcining carbonaceous materials in a rotary kiln is disclosed. An oxygen injection lance provides oxygen through the wall of a firing hood and into the carbonaceous bed, which is at an elevated temperature. The oxygen burns a portion of the carbonaceous material, providing the necessary heat for calcining the remainder of the carbonaceous materials in the kiln.

Abstract: A method of producing aluminum is carried out in an electric arc furnace having primary and secondary zones separated by a divider constructed to permit the flow of molten but not gaseous products between zones. The method includes providing a charge of carbon into the primary zone containing a mixture of aluminum and aluminum carbide and providing a charge of alumina to the secondary zone, simultaneously heating the zones to react said carbon with the aluminum to form aluminum carbide in said mixture, flowing the mixture into the secondary zone, reacting the aluminum carbide in the mixture with alumina to form additional aluminum and an aluminum oxycarbide slag, flowing the slag to the primary zone for reaction with the aluminum carbide to form aluminum in the mixture, and tapping aluminum from the secondary zone.

Abstract: This invention relates to useful protective compositions, a method for protecting aluminum and aluminum alloy products against water staining, and a protected aluminum sheet. The method involves applying a continuous film of a protective composition to the surface of the aluminum product. The protective compositions useful for the invention are blends or reaction products of a polybasic acid and a partial ester of a polyol.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for protecting aluminum and aluminum alloy products against water staining. The method involves applying a continuous film of a protective composition to the surface of the aluminum product. The protective compositions useful for the invention are blends or reaction products of a polybasic acid and a partial ester of a polyol.