Abstract: The heating system includes a solar energy collector and a tank. Water circulation is controlled normally in a proportional mode using a pump which is turned on intermittently for a duration synchronized with full AC cycles. Impending freezing and boiling in the water system is separately detected controlling a drain valve for the collector while holding the pump in the off state.
Abstract: This solar radiation measuring system records the integral of total solar radiation over a given period of time, and also records the periods during that time when the sun was obscured by clouds or other objects. The measurement of the integral of solar radiation includes all spectral components of the solar spectrum from the ultra-violet through the infrared. The design of the device is such that readout is simple and complex data reduction is unnecessary.