Abstract: A multiple-frequency common antenna has a first substrate sheet and a second substrate sheet respectively structured by an HIP consisting of a metal plate, small metal plates disposed in two dimensions and linear metal bars connecting these elements. The antenna restricts propagation of surface currents of the first and second frequency bands which are not overlapping with each other. An inverse L-shape antenna and a monopole antenna which are fed with a center conductor and an external conductor of the coaxial line respectively operate as the antenna on the first substrate sheet in the first frequency band and second frequency band. The second substrate sheet does not propagate the radiated wave of the monopole antenna, thereby avoiding unwanted re-radiation.

Abstract: A semiconductor switch includes a thyristor and a current shunt, preferably a transistor in parallel with and controlled by the thyristor, which shunts thyristor current at turn-off. The thyristor includes a portion of a drift layer, with a p-n junction formed below a gate adjacent to the drift layer to establish a depletion region with a high potential barrier to thyristor current flow at turn-off. The drift layer also provides the transistor base, as well as a current path allowing the transistor base current to be controlled by the thyristor. The switch is voltage controlled using an insulated gate.

Abstract: A converter circuit includes a magnetic core, a primary winding, a secondary winding, a main rectification circuit, and an auxiliary rectification circuit. The primary winding and the secondary winding are wound around the magnetic core. The main rectification circuit and the auxiliary rectification circuit are both connected to the secondary winding and produce output voltages having different magnitudes. The auxiliary voltage powers the control and drive circuits for both the primary switches and the synchronous rectifiers used for the main rectification circuit.

Abstract: A microlens has a material composition gradient that varies along the z-axis of the microlens to provide desired refractive properties in conjunction with the surface shape of the microlens. A method for designing the microlens may include defining a microlens surface shape, defining desired refraction properties of the microlens, and determining a refractive index gradient of the microlens in the direction of the z-axis using the desired refraction properties and the defined surface shape of the microlens. A method for fabricating the microlens may include depositing a material having a material composition gradient that is determined based on a lens shape and desired refractive parameters, and forming the microlens having the desired surface shape in the material.

Abstract: A frequency detector is configured to provide reliable acquisition by a clock recovery and data regeneration circuit. A preferred frequency detector utilizes the output characteristics of a phase detector to determine a frequency difference between the recovered clock signal and the incoming data signal. The frequency detector then outputs a signal representing the frequency difference to a control device, preferably to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). Upon receiving the frequency difference signal, the control device, preferably operating within a controlled-feedback loop, will begin to adjust the underlying clock frequency to approximate the incoming data frequency.

Abstract: A converter circuit comprises a magnetic core, a primary winding, a secondary winding, a main rectification circuit, an auxiliary rectification circuit. The primary winding and the secondary winding are wound around the magnetic core. The main rectification circuit and the auxiliary rectification circuit are both connected to the secondary winding and produce output voltages having different magnitudes. The auxiliary voltage powers the control and drive circuits for both the primary switches and the synchronous rectifiers used for the main rectification circuit.