Abstract: An incineration kiln of the slagging mode, which has an outer shell and a protective layer inside the shell with quantum failure identifiers. The quantum failure identifiers recognizes one or more stages of increasing degree of failure of the protective layer, so that an operator may be warned and take suitable measures to protect further deterioration of the protective layer and restore the same.

Abstract: Methods and devices for protecting incineration kilns by optically determining the thickness of protective refractory and slag layers and taking suitable measures to avoid catastrophic failure due to excessive heat of the outer shell, usually made of carbon steel. The determination is performed by two laser beams. One laser beam is directed at low incidence at various points of the top surface of the protective layers inside the kiln, while the second laser beam is directed at a different incidence at the same points of the top surface of the protective layers inside the kiln.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are presented for incinerating waste in increments in a controlled and efficient manner, based on an arbitrary factor labeled Relative Power Factor. Also, presented are methods and apparatuses for determining the Relative Power Factor.The Relative Power Factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum difference in temperatures recorded at a point in the combustion effluent stream and at a point in the hot gaseous stream prior to combustion to the time interval between ignition of the waste and the achievement of the maximum temperature difference.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the viscosity of the slag in incinerating kilns. The alkali content is measured in the stream of the off-gasses, and additives are added in order to counteract the effect of the alkalis on the slag viscosity. The rate of addition of additives depends on the alkali analysis and the off-gas temperature in the kiln.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling rotary incineration kilns by determining and controlling the viscosity of slag which is formed in such kilns. These methods and devices are based on measuring one or more properties or parameters of drippings of the slag falling from the ceiling of the kiln, as the kiln rotates. The parameters are size of drippings, shape of drippings, aspect ratio of drippings, and number of drippings.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the viscosity of slag contained in a rotary incinerating kiln by detecting the position at which the slag exits the outlet of the kiln, thereby determining changes in the viscosity of the slag. If the viscosity deviates from a predetermined range of values, appropriate additives are supplied to the slag for bringing the viscosity back to within the range of the predetermined values. There is also disclosed a method and apparatus for measuring viscosity as "angular" viscosity.

Abstract: A hazardous waste system for safely containing hazardous waste and monitoring any water or leachates that might exist in the system. The system includes several protective layers for surrounding the hazardous waste, a perimeter wall to minimize any horizontal slippage of the hazardous waste, a cap to protect the hazardous waste from the surface environment, and a support base including an impervious top surface above the ground for providing a barrier between the ground and the hazardous waste.