Abstract: Techniques for generating an arbitrary target electromagnetic signal with a nonlinear material, include determining a time varying target amplitude and target phase and an order n of a nonlinear material. For each time, a first set of nth roots of the target amplitude and a second set of nth roots of the target phase are determined. An input amplitude based on one value from the first set and an input phase based on one value from the second set is determined at each time. A difference between temporally successive values of phase is minimized. An electromagnetic signal is modulated to impose the input amplitude and phase to produce a modulated electromagnetic input signal that is introduced into the nonlinear material to produce a target electromagnetic signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus includes an optical source for a single order single-sideband suppressed-carrier optical signal with a bandwidth that scales from over 4 gigaHertz or is at least 8 GHz from an optical carrier frequency. In an example embodiment, an apparatus includes a stable laser source configured to output an optical carrier signal at a carrier frequency. The apparatus includes a radio frequency electrical source configured to output an electrical radio frequency signal with a radio frequency bandwidth less than one octave. The apparatus also includes an optical modulator configured to output an optical signal with the optical carrier signal modulated by the radio frequency signal in a plurality of orders (harmonics) of optical frequency sidebands. The apparatus further includes an optical filter configured to pass one single order optical frequency sideband of the optical signal, which sideband does not overlap the sideband of any other harmonic.

Abstract: A method and apparatus includes an optical source for a single order single-sideband suppressed-carrier optical signal with a bandwidth that scales from over 4 gigaHertz or is at least 8 GHz from an optical carrier frequency. In an example embodiment, an apparatus includes a stable laser source configured to output an optical carrier signal at a carrier frequency. The apparatus includes a radio frequency electrical source configured to output an electrical radio frequency signal with a radio frequency bandwidth less than one octave. The apparatus also includes an optical modulator configured to output an optical signal with the optical carrier signal modulated by the radio frequency signal in a plurality of orders (harmonics) of optical frequency sidebands. The apparatus further includes an optical filter configured to pass one single order optical frequency sideband of the optical signal, which sideband does not overlap the sideband of any other harmonic.

Abstract: A method and apparatus includes an optical source for a single order single-sideband suppressed-carrier optical signal with a bandwidth that scales from over 1 gigaHertz to greater than 20 gigaHertz. In an example embodiment, an apparatus includes a stable laser source configured to output an optical carrier signal at a carrier frequency. The apparatus includes a radio frequency electrical source configured to output an electrical radio frequency signal with a radio frequency bandwidth less than one octave. The apparatus also includes an optical modulator configured to output an optical signal with the optical carrier signal modulated by the radio frequency signal in a plurality of orders of optical frequency sidebands. The apparatus further includes an optical filter configured to pass one single order optical frequency sideband of the optical signal.

Abstract: A sample mounting apparatus for a cryo-cooler is provided having a housing with an outer wall surface for connecting to the cryo-cooler, and an inner wall surface. An inert gas is sealed inside the housing for thermal transfer, and a delicate mount is attached to the inner wall surface of the housing for supporting the sample and substantially preventing vibrations from being transferred to the sample from the cryo-cooler.

Abstract: Techniques for spatial spectral holography include a doped crystal comprising Thulium doped into a host crystal of Yttrium Lutetium Aluminum Garnet wherein a concentration of Thulium atoms is less than 3 atomic percent. Techniques further include an apparatus with a source for optical electromagnetic radiation and a cryocooler configured to maintain an operating temperature in a range from about 3 Kelvin to about 6 Kelvin. The cryocooler includes a first optical window. The apparatus also includes a doped crystal comprising Thulium doped into a host crystal of Yttrium Lutetium Aluminum Garnet disposed inside the cryocooler in a position to be illuminated by incident optical electromagnetic radiation derived from the source. The apparatus also includes a detector configured to detect optical electromagnetic radiation emitted from the doped crystal. Techniques include a method for using at least one of the above doped crystals.

Abstract: Techniques for producing an arbitrary broadband waveform include storing a first waveform in a circulating coherent storage device. A next waveform is generated. A shifted replica is generated by shifting, by a frequency shift one of the next waveform or the waveform in the storage device. A combined waveform is stored by coherently combining the shifted replica and one of the next waveform or the waveform in the storage device which waveform is not frequency shifted. An apparatus includes a source of a carrier frequency waveform, and a modulator configured to impose the next waveform on the carrier frequency waveform. The apparatus also includes a circulating coherent storage device configured to store a coherent interaction between multiple waveforms. The apparatus also includes a frequency shifter configured to generate a shifted replica by shifting, by a frequency shift, one of the next waveform or a waveform in the storage device.

Abstract: A cryogenic apparatus is provided having a nested thermally insulating structure, thermal links, a vacuum shroud, and a cryo-cooler. The nested thermally insulated structure holds a sample to be cooled while dampening the external vibrations caused by the cryo-cooler, the surrounding environment or cryo-cooler mounting surface. The thermal link is made of thermally conductive wires which connect the nested thermally insulated structure and the cryo-cooler thereby allowing the apparatus to reduce vibrations inherent in the operation of the cryo-cooler.

Abstract: A cryogenic apparatus is provided having a nested thermally insulating structure, thermal links, a vacuum shroud, and a cryo-cooler. The nested thermally insulated structure holds a sample to be cooled while dampening the external vibrations caused by the cryo-cooler, the surrounding environment or cryo-cooler mounting surface. The thermal link is made of thermally conductive wires which connect the nested thermally insulated structure and the cryo-cooler thereby allowing the apparatus to reduce vibrations inherent in the operation of the cryo-cooler.

Abstract: A cryogenic apparatus is provided having a nested thermally insulating structure, thermal links, a vacuum shroud, and a cryo-cooler. The nested thermally insulated structure holds a sample to be cooled while dampening the external vibrations caused by the cryo-cooler, the surrounding environment or cryo-cooler mounting surface. A vacuum plate is removably attached to the vacuum shroud to provide access to the sample chamber.

Abstract: A method of rotating a sample for use in a cryocooler, having the steps of mounting a sample in a sample mounting apparatus, the apparatus comprising a housing having an outer wall surface, an inner wall surface, a mount attached to the inner wall surface for supporting the sample, and a motor for rotating the sample, and an exchange gas to provide thermal communication between the moving sample and the inner housing surfaces; sealing the housing by applying a sealant to adjoining parts of the housing such that the joints are air tight; evacuating the housing; adding an inert gas to the housing; sealing the inert gas in the housing; attaching the outer wall surface of the housing to a cryocooler; and rotating the sample by engaging the motor. Also disclosed is a cryogenic apparatus having a sample holder; a cryo-cooler; a thermal link connecting the sample holder and the cryo-cooler; and a motor attached to the sample holder for rotating a sample.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a single or dual output port, dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Interferometer configured to generate a first optical signal in one path, and to generate a second optical signal in a different path. The apparatus also includes an optical spectrum analyzer configured to receive output from at least one port of the dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. A method includes causing radio frequency signals from two different antennae to modulate an optical carrier at a corresponding drive of a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, and causing output from at least one port of the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer to be directed to an optical spectrum analyzer. The method further comprises determining arrival angle at each of a plurality of frequencies in the radio frequency signals based on output from the optical spectrum analyzer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus includes an optical source for a single order single-sideband suppressed-carrier optical signal with a bandwidth that scales from over 1 gigaHertz to greater than 20 gigaHertz. In an example embodiment, an apparatus includes a stable laser source configured to output an optical carrier signal at a carrier frequency. The apparatus includes a radio frequency electrical source configured to output an electrical radio frequency signal with a radio frequency bandwidth less than one octave. The apparatus also includes an optical modulator configured to output an optical signal with the optical carrier signal modulated by the radio frequency signal in a plurality of orders of optical frequency sidebands. The apparatus further includes an optical filter configured to pass one single order optical frequency sideband of the optical signal.

Abstract: A method of creating environmental credits, the method including determining a damage caused by an environmental injury and determining a solution for the damage. Additionally, the method includes monetizing the solution into a credit that replace the damage, wherein the credit is valued in terms of the environmental injury, and creating the credit. Also, a method of valuing environmental credits, the method including determining a solution to an environmental damage and monetizing the solution into a credit. Additionally, the method includes valuing the credit based on the environmental benefits of the solution and outputting the valuation.