Abstract: In some embodiments, a system includes a first antenna element configured, in response to receiving fifth generation (5G) communication signals carrying encoded data, to generate a first surface electromagnetic wave. The first surface electromagnetic wave is capable of tunneling through a conductive enclosure and includes the encoded data. The system includes a second antenna element, within the conductive enclosure configured, in response to receiving the first surface electromagnetic wave, to generate a second surface electromagnetic wave within the conductive enclosure for distributing the encoded data to an electronic device operating in the conductive enclosure.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a system includes a first antenna element configured, in response to receiving fifth generation (5G) communication signals carrying encoded data, to generate a first surface electromagnetic wave. The first surface electromagnetic wave is capable of tunneling through a conductive enclosure and includes the encoded data. The system includes a second antenna element, within the conductive enclosure configured, in response to receiving the first surface electromagnetic wave, to generate a second surface electromagnetic wave within the conductive enclosure for distributing the encoded data to an electronic device operating in the conductive enclosure.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a system includes a first antenna element configured, in response to receiving fifth generation (5G) communication signals carrying encoded data, to generate a first surface electromagnetic wave. The first surface electromagnetic wave is capable of tunneling through a conductive enclosure and includes the encoded data. The system includes a second antenna element, within the conductive enclosure configured, in response to receiving the first surface electromagnetic wave, to generate a second surface electromagnetic wave within the conductive enclosure for distributing the encoded data to an electronic device operating in the conductive enclosure.

Abstract: A linear array of underwater radio frequency (RF) antennas is implemented, which emit surface electromagnetic waves propagating along either water-air or water-seafloor interface. The phase difference ?? between neighboring antennas defines the overall beam direction, while the so-formed directional beam intensity remains almost constant near the antenna array due to the largely two-dimensional character of beam propagation. By adjusting the phase difference ??, the narrow two-dimensional surface beam may be sent in any direction over 360°, thus enabling targeted RF communication with any desired object located near the said interface. An impedance matching enclosure filled with an impedance matching fluid may also be utilized surrounding the antennas to reduce antenna dimensions and improve coupling of electromagnetic energy to the surrounding salt water medium, thereby improving underwater radio communication performance.