Abstract: Photomasks that are used to form a fine contact hole array, a method of fabricating the photomask, and use of the photomask. The photomask includes a transparent substrate; a plurality of line-type opaque patterns being formed on the transparent substrate, for defining floodlighting portions for forming patterns; and phase-shifting regions being arranged on the transparent substrate between the opaque patterns at predetermined intervals, the phase-shifting regions defining floodlighting portions for contact holes. A fine and dense contact hole array can be easily formed using the photomask together with a customized illumination. Therefore, a fine contact hole of a good quality can be formed directly on a photoresist using the photomask without additional processes.

Abstract: A transmit diversity system, method, and computer program product which can prevent signal power from being wasted and also prevent interference between a plurality of beams. In the transmit diversity system, a transmitter transmits a signal after allocating the signal to a beamspace of multiple beams and a receiver receives the multiple beams and obtains a channel estimate of each of the multiple beams. A beam pair, which has the largest sum of powers of respective channel estimates of two corresponding beams, is selected from a plurality of beam pairs of the multiple beams. One of the two beams of the selected beam pair is selected as a single beam for use if the difference between the powers of the respective channel estimates of the two beams is larger than a predetermined value.

Abstract: The semiconductor chip package may include a substrate having circuit patterns and substrate pads connected with the circuit patterns. At least one semiconductor chip is mounted on the substrate, and a thermoelectric cooler having a P-type material plate and an N-type material plate is mounted on the semiconductor chip. Portions of the P-type and N-type material plates may be attached on the semiconductor chip. The P-type and N-type material plates may be electrically connected to the circuit patterns of the substrate to be provided with DC power.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for controlling an LCD backlight in a mobile station to perform the operation of the mobile station in a dimming mode more effectively, and extend the maximum allowable operation time of the mobile station, the apparatus including a backlight LED (light emit diode) for generating a backlight to an LCD, a backlight drive for receiving an input current to supply the input current to the backlight LED to drive, a current control unit for controlling the input current of the backlight drive by a current control signal, and a control unit for supplying the current control signal to the current control unit to control the input current of the backlight drive during operation of the LCD according to a normal mode/dimming mode as predetermined.

Abstract: An error diffusion processing method includes determining a binary value of an input pixel according to a grayscale level of the input pixel, searching a nearest pixel that has the same binary value as the input pixel, and comparing a measured actual distance with an ideal distance between the two pixels, so as to compute a first adjustment value. By applying a noise array to an input image, a second adjustment value is also computed according to a noise value of the input pixel. Based on the first and second adjustment values, a threshold is adjusted to determine the binary value of the input pixel. The adjusted threshold is compared with the grayscale level of the input pixel, and according to the comparison result, the binary value of the input pixel is determined. By diffusing an error value, which is a difference between the grayscale level and the determined binary value of the input pixel, to neighboring pixels, the grayscale level of the neighboring pixels is changed.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a transmitter of a semiconductor device, which can output signals corresponding to input signals having various common mode levels and amplitudes. The transmitter may include a pre-driver unit, main driver unit, and a control circuit. The pre-driver unit modifies a common mode level and the amplitude of first internal output signals to generate internal output signals in response to driver control signals. The main driver unit modifies the common mode level and the amplitude of the second internal output signals. The control circuit detects the common mode level and the amplitude of a connected circuit. The common mode level and the amplitude of the output signals may then automatically be adjusted to be the same as the common mode level and the amplitude of this connected circuit High speed signal conditioning may be accomplished.

Abstract: A multi-home agent control apparatus and method are provided. The multi-home agent control apparatus includes a packet observing unit, which observes a packet input to or output from a home link; a home agent list storage unit, which creates a home agent list using home address information included in a binding update (BU) message and stores the home agent list if the packet observing unit receives the BU message and a binding acknowledgement (BACK) message; and a preference value calculation unit, which calculates a preference value of each of the home agents using the home agent list.

Abstract: A transmitter apparatus and method for reducing PAPR in an OFDM system. The transmitter apparatus performs a masking process on an input signal block using a plurality of mask sequences in an OFDM system, and selects a specific sequence having a lowest PAPR among IFFT-processed results. The apparatus includes a single IFFT for performing an IFFT process on the received signal block, and generating an IFFT-processed sequence; a plurality of shift registers for storing individual bits of the IFFT-processed sequence, cyclically shifting them, and generating the cyclically-shifted bits; a plurality of multiplier groups for multiplying coefficients determined by corresponding mask sequences by the output bits of the shift registers; and a plurality of adders corresponding to the plurality of multiplier groups for adding the multiplied results of the multiplier groups, thereby reducing system complexity and production costs.

Abstract: A defect address storing circuit for a semiconductor memory device comprises a plurality of fuse pairs formed in a fuse region and a plurality of transistors formed in a transistor region outside the fuse region. The plurality of fuse pairs and the plurality of transistor pairs are arranged to form a continuous current path through at least one fuse in each of the plurality of fuse pairs, and through at least one transistor in each of the plurality of transistor pairs.

Abstract: A coma aberration correcting apparatus of an optical pickup includes an optical pickup main body having a photo diode, and an actuator mounted on an objective lens focusing a beam emitted from the photo diode onto a recording medium. The coma aberration correcting apparatus includes a main supporting unit, a holding unit, an optical system, a driving part, and a controller. The main supporting unit detachably supports the optical pickup main body. The holding unit holds and releases the actuator on the optical pickup main body supported by the main supporting unit. The optical system magnifies and photographs the beam emitted from the photo diode through the objective lens of the actuator held by the holding unit. The driving part adjusts a position of the actuator relative to the optical pickup main body. The controller controls the driving part to correct the coma aberration of the objective lens.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for efficiently distributing energy to a packet data channel. A turbo encoder generates a sequence of systematic symbols and a sequence of parity symbols by encoding an information bit stream. An interleaver interleaves the systematic symbol sequence and the parity symbol sequence, separately and serially concatenates the interleaved systematic symbol sequence and the interleaved parity symbol sequence. An energy distributor rearranges the concatenated symbols so that the systematic symbols are disposed in a high energy-having portion of a predetermined transmission period when transmission energy varies for the transmission period. A modulator modulates the rearranged symbols.

Abstract: A host apparatus includes an ultrasound receiving unit receiving an ultrasound signal from a pointing apparatus and outputting an electric signal. A controlling unit calculates a position of a pointer on a display screen corresponding to a position of the pointing apparatus based on the electric signal from the ultrasound receiving unit, and outputs a control signal to the display screen to position the pointer at the calculated position of the display screen.

Abstract: A capacitor includes a cylindrical storage electrode formed on a substrate. A ring-shaped stabilizing member encloses an upper portion of the storage electrode to structurally support the storage electrode and an adjacent storage electrode. The ring-shaped stabilizing member is substantially perpendicular to the storage electrode and extends in a direction where the adjacent storage electrode is arranged. A dielectric layer is formed on the storage electrode. A plate electrode is formed on the dielectric layer.

Abstract: An STN LCD driver using a circuit with a reduced number of capacitors for driving voltage stabilization, and a method therefor, are provided. The STN LCD driver includes a driving voltage generating circuit, a common/segment driving circuit, first through third capacitors, and a control circuit. The driving voltage generating circuit generates first through fifth driving voltages to output the generated driving voltages via first through fifth output terminals. The common/segment driving circuit, which is controlled by a driving polarity signal, receives the first through fifth driving voltages and generates a common driving signal and a segment driving signal. The first capacitor is connected between the first output terminal and a ground voltage. The control circuit controls connection of the output terminals and the capacitors in response to the driving polarity signal, in order to reduce the number of the capacitors for driving voltage stabilization.