Abstract: Described is an angle-resolving photoelectron spectrometer comprising an electrostatic lens system having a first end and a second end, and arranged to form a beam of electrons emitted from a measurement area on a sample surface, and to transport the electrons to the second end, wherein the first lens element is configured to be arranged at a positive voltage in relation to the sample. The spectrometer comprises at least a first shielding electrode with a limiting aperture, arranged such that the angle between the optical axis and any point on the limiting aperture is larger than 45° and smaller than 70, and at least one compensation electrode which is arranged around the optical axis at a larger distance from the measurement area than the first lens element. The compensation electrode is configured to be arranged at a negative voltage in relation to the sample.

Abstract: An aperture device (31) is described, which is attachable to a lens system (13). The lens system (13) is arranged to form a particle beam of charged particles, emitted from a sample surface (Ss). The aperture device (31) comprises an end surface (S) which is to be arranged facing the sample surface (Ss), at least one aperture (38) arranged in the end surface (S), a length axis (32) which extends through the centre of said at least one aperture (38), and at least one gas outlet (10), which is arranged at a transverse distance (T) perpendicular from the length axis (32), and is arranged to direct gas into a volume between at least one aperture (38) and the sample surface (Ss). The end surface (S) within a distance, equal to ? of the transverse distance (T), perpendicular from the length axis (32) has a variation along the length axis (32) being smaller than ? of the transverse distance (T).

Abstract: A computer-implemented method is described for generating event-averaged and time-resolved spectra, from a plurality of time-resolved spectra of charged particles emitted from a surface (3) of a sample (2), at which surface (3) an event is repeated cyclically, the method comprising the steps of receiving (101), from the charged particle analyser (1), the plurality of time-resolved spectra covering a plurality of events, obtaining (102) at least one selected part (9, 10) of the series of time-resolved spectra, matching (103) the at least one selected part (9, 10) with other parts of the series of time-resolved spectra to find similar parts, and thereby determining points in time for other events in the plurality of events, and generating (104) the event-averaged and time-resolved spectra of the event based on the series of time-resolved charged particle energy spectra and the determined points in time.

Abstract: An aperture device (31) is described, which is attachable to a lens system (13). The lens system (13) is arranged to form a particle beam of charged particles, emitted from a sample surface (Ss).The aperture device (31) comprises an end surface (S) which is to be arranged facing the sample surface (Ss), at least one aperture (38) arranged in the end surface (S), a length axis (32) which extends through the centre of said at least one aperture (38), and at least one gas outlet (10), which is arranged at a transverse distance (T) perpendicular from the length axis (32), and is arranged to direct gas into a volume between at least one aperture (38) and the sample surface (Ss). The end surface (S) within a distance, equal to 1/3 of the transverse distance (T), perpendicular from the length axis (32) has a variation along the length axis (32) being smaller than 1/6 of the transverse distance (T).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) system comprising an X-ray tube, an X-ray monochromator, and a sample. The X-ray tube provides a beam of photons, which via the X-ray monochromator is directed through the system so as to excite electrons from the illuminated sample. The X-ray tube is connected to a monochromator vacuum chamber in which the X-ray monochromator is configured to monochromatize and focus the beam onto the sample. The monochromator vacuum chamber is connected to an analysis vacuum chamber, the illuminated sample being mounted inside the analysis vacuum chamber and the analysis vacuum chamber being connected to an electron energy analyser. The electron energy analyser is mounted onto the analysis vacuum chamber. Further, the beam of photons provided from the X-ray tube is divergent and has an energy above 6 keV. The X-ray monochromator also comprises a curved optical element arranged to both monochromatize and focus the diverging beam of photons.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) system comprising an X-ray tube, an X-ray monochromator, and a sample. The X-ray tube provides a beam of photons, which via the X-ray monochromator is directed through the system so as to excite electrons from the illuminated sample. The X-ray tube is connected to a monochromator vacuum chamber in which the X-ray monochromator is configured to monochromatize and focus the beam onto the sample. The monochromator vacuum chamber is connected to an analysis vacuum chamber, the illuminated sample being mounted inside the analysis vacuum chamber and the analysis vacuum chamber being connected to an electron energy analyser. The electron energy analyser is mounted onto the analysis vacuum chamber. Further, the beam of photons provided from the X-ray tube is divergent and has an energy above 6 keV. The X-ray monochromator also comprises a curved optical element arranged to both monochromatize and focus the diverging beam of photons.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) system comprising an X-ray source providing a beam of photons which is directed through the system so as to excite electrons from an illuminated sample. An X-ray tube is connected to a monochromator vacuum chamber in which a crystal is configured to monochromatize and focus the beam onto an illuminated sample. A hemispherical electron energy analyser is mounted onto the analysis chamber. An air gap is provided between the X-ray tube and the monochromator chamber, which air gap is provided with a first radiation trap to shield the ambient air from the radiation when the air gap is illuminated with X-rays from the source.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining at least one parameter related to charged particles emitted from a particle emitting sample, e.g. a parameter related to the energies, the start directions, the start positions or the spin of the particles. The method comprises the steps of guiding a beam of charged particles into an entrance of a measurement region by means of a lens system, and detecting positions of the particles indicative of said at least one parameter within the measurement region. Furthermore, the method comprises the steps of deflecting the particle beam at least twice in the same coordinate direction before entrance of the particle beam into the measurement region. Thereby, both the position and the direction of the particle beam at the entrance of the measurement region can be controlled in a way that to some extent eliminates the need for physical manipulation of the sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining at least one parameter related to charged particles emitted from a particle emitting sample, e.g. a parameter related to the energies, the start directions, the start positions or the spin of the particles. The method comprises the steps of guiding a beam of charged particles into an entrance of a measurement region by means of a lens system, and detecting positions of the particles indicative of said at least one parameter within the measurement region. Furthermore, the method comprises the steps of deflecting the particle beam at least twice in the same coordinate direction before entrance of the particle beam into the measurement region. Thereby, both the position and the direction of the particle beam at the entrance of the measurement region can be controlled in a way that to some extent eliminates the need for physical manipulation of the sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining at least one parameter related to charged particles emitted from a particle emitting sample, e.g. a parameter related to the energies, the start directions, the start positions or the spin of the particles. The method comprises the steps of guiding a beam of charged particles into an entrance of a measurement region by means of a lens system, and detecting positions of the particles indicative of said at least one parameter within the measurement region. Furthermore, the method comprises the steps of deflecting the particle beam at least twice in the same coordinate direction before entrance of the particle beam into the measurement region. Thereby, both the position and the direction of the particle beam at the entrance of the measurement region can be controlled in a way that to some extent eliminates the need for physical manipulation of the sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining at least one parameter related to charged particles emitted from a particle emitting sample. The method comprises guiding a beam of charged particles into an entrance of a measurement region by means of a lens system, and detecting positions of the particles indicative of said at least one parameter within the measurement region. Furthermore, the method comprises deflecting the particle beam at least twice in the same coordinate direction before entrance of the particle beam into the measurement region. Thereby, both the position and the direction of the particle beam at the entrance of the measurement region can be controlled in a way that to some extent eliminates the need for physical manipulation of the sample. This in turn allows the sample to be efficiently cooled such that the energy resolution in energy measurements can be improved.