Abstract: Concrete made using the protocol described herein converts more of the available calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) into calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and distributes it more thoroughly throughout the concrete mixture by converting it into calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2) by adjusting the pH of the hydrating liquid and then deliberately adjusting the pH of the hydrating liquid again when precipitation of the CaCO3 from the hydration liquid is desired to more uniformly coat the materials used in a concrete mix. This process creates more CaCO3 in concrete than current methods on the market and that has been demonstrated to increase the structural and chemical properties of the concrete.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising a single-stage conversion of an atmospheric pollutant, such as NO, NO2 and/or SOx in a first stream to one or more mineral acids and/or salts thereof by reacting with nonionic gas phase chlorine dioxide (ClO20), wherein the reaction is carried out in the gas phase. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising first adjusting the atmospheric pollutant concentrations in a first stream to a molar ratio of about 1:1, and then reacting with an aqueous metal hydroxide solution (MOH). Another aspect of the invention relates to an apparatus that can be used to carry out the methods disclosed herein. The methods disclosed herein are unexpectedly efficient and cost effective, and can be applied to a stream comprising high concentration and large volume of atmospheric pollutants.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising a single-stage conversion of NO and/or NO2 in a first stream to one or more mineral acids and/or salts thereof by reacting with nonionic gas phase chlorine dioxide ((ClO2)0). Another aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising first adjusting the NO and NO2 concentrations in a first stream to a molar ratio of about 1:1, and then reacting with an aqueous metal hydroxide solution (MOH). Another aspect of the invention relates to an apparatus that can be used to carry out the methods disclosed herein. The methods disclosed herein are unexpectedly efficient and cost effective, and can be applied to a stream comprising high concentration and large volume of NO and/or NO2.