Abstract: An earth mass forming an embankment, bridge abutment or the like has a fag of light concrete panels from which steel rods project into the earth mass, the ends of the rods being bent in one direction and then the other (in the same plane) to form anchors which will oppose thrust on the facing but will permit deposition of earth fill in layers with each layer capable of being readily compacted without interference from the anchors. The rods extend through the panels in extended slots to accommodate earth settlement and are secured thereto by nuts. The facings are desirably lap jointed laterally and the anchors extend through adjacent overlapping portions.

Abstract: A compact and relatively lightweight rock cutting tool comprises a pair of disc cutters disposed in parallel, the disc cutters having circumferential cutting edges; a support member for the cutters disposed radially inwardly of the cutting edges thereof and on which each cutter is borne for rotation; and a mounting pedestal to which the member is attached between planes defined by the respective cutting edges of the cutters, preferably mid-way between the planes. Preferably each cutter is borne for rotation independently of the other and the cutting edges of the disc cutters are separated by 80 to 100 mm. The overall width of a tool with a separation of 90 mm between the cutting edges and with cutters of 330 mm diameter is only 180 mm which is about half that of an equivalent tool of conventional construction. With the tool of the invention therefore either more tools may be fitted to a given cutting head or more room made available at the cutting head for access to the tools and for the removal of cut rock.