Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a substrate, a lower electrode formed above the substrate, a piezoelectric layer formed above the lower electrode, an upper electrode formed above the piezoelectric layer, a protection layer formed on the lateral sides of the piezoelectric layer, and a self-organized monomolecular film formed on the side of each of the protection layer not facing the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A method of machining a substrate etches a substrate according to a predetermined length and depth from an intersection between a first predetermined dividing line and a second predetermined dividing line, which cross each other in a T-shaped line, along the second predetermined dividing line of the predetermined dividing lines being used to cut the substrate, and divides the substrate along the predetermined dividing lines which are not etched by laser machining.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of dedoping an organic semiconductor comprising the step of contacting a doped organic semiconductor with a compound of formula (1): wherein R1-R8 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C6 alkyl group which may be linear or branched and which may be optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups and/or one or more halogen atoms and/or a C1-C3 alkoxy group; one or more pairs of R groups which are not hydrogen may join to form a cyclic group according to the following pairings: R1 and R2; R2 and R3; R3 and R4; R4 and R5; R5 and R6; R6 and R7; R7 and R8; and R8 and R1.

Abstract: An ink tank cartridge is provided removably mountable onto an ink supply needle of the ink-jet type recording apparatus body. The cartridge has a housing provided with an ink supply port extending through and projecting from a wall of the housing and into the chamber of the housing. A porous member having ink impregnated thereon is positioned inside the chamber of the housing abutting against the ink supply port. A filter is mounted on the inner end opening of the ink supply port. The ink tank cartridge is further provided with a packing member for resiliently abutting against the outer periphery of the ink supply needle and is positioned adjacent one end of the ink supply port. The outer opening of the ink supply port is sealed with a sealing member through which the ink supply needle penetrates.