Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device in which a display defect is less likely to occur even when an alignment layer is not formed. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer held between the pair of substrates, at least one of the substrates including an electrode, and the liquid crystal layer having negative dielectric anisotropy, in which each of the pair of substrates includes a silane coupling layer on a surface of the corresponding substrate, a polymer layer configured to vertically align adjacent liquid crystal molecules is formed on a surface of the silane coupling layer, the polymer layer is formed by the polymerization of at least one monomer contained in a liquid crystal composition, and the at least one monomer contains a compound represented by the chemical formula (1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus is provided with a fixing device having the first through third fixing rollers for forming the first fixing section by contacting the first and second fixing rollers as well as forming the second fixing section by contacting the second and third fixing rollers, the first fixing section being temperature-adjusted in relation to a first copying mode, the second fixing section being temperature-adjusted in relation to a second copying mode. Either the first or second fixing section is temperature-adjusted according to the order of priority in such a manner that after the completion of the temperature adjustments, temperature adjustments with respect to the other fixing section is successively carried out.