Abstract: Liquid crystal compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each is a C.sub.1-18 alkyl group or an aralkyl group, R' is a haloalkyl group, X is --0--, --CO--, --COO-- or direct bond, Y is --COO--, --OCO-- or --CH.sub.2 O--, (A) and (B) each is ##STR2## and p and l each is zero or one.

Abstract: 3-(2-Trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)propenyl benzyl ether or derivatives thereof having the formula ##STR1## wherein R is a substituted or not substituted phenyl group and a mark * shows an asymmetric carbon atom, and derivatives thereof are provided, which are useful as a material for preparing liquid crystal compound.

Abstract: Ferrelectric chiral smetic liquid crystal compound are provided which have the formula, for example ##STR1## wherein R is a C.sub.1-20 alkyl group.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel compound 2-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid represented by the formula: ##STR1##

Abstract: Agglomerated particle size of ceramic materials is controlled by accurate determination of the proper final point of agglomeration. A part of a suspension in a cylindrical agitating region having agitation blades is circulated through a pipe having at least one transparent portion, the suspension which flows through the transparent pipe is irradiated with a light, preferably a laser beam and the final point of agglomeration is calculated based on the change in quantity of the transmitted light and/or the change in acoustic emission generated in the agitating region, thereby to stop the agglomeration.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved fuel cell electricity generation rocess which includes a desulfurizer, an adsorber, a reformer, a shift converter, and a fuel cell wherein reformed gas from the reformer is treated using a non-porous gas separation membrane comprising a polymer in place of the converter at a temperature of 50.degree.-150.degree. C. and a pressure of 2-10 kg/cm.sup.2 to separate carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas.

Abstract: An optically active (3R)- or (3S)-fluorine-containing-3-hydroxybutyric acid ester represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group of C.sub.3 -C.sub.16 and A represents CF.sub.3, CHF.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 F, which is useful for synthesis of optically active substances, is prepared with high optical purity by ester exchange reaction between an alcohol represented by the formula:ROHwherein R is as defined above and optically active (3R)- or (3S)-fluorine-containing-3-hydroxybutyric acid ethyl ester of ##STR2## in the presence of an ammonium salt of sulfonic acid.

Abstract: An optically active liquid crystal compound which is represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represents an alkyl or aralkyl group of 4-18 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 represents a haloalkyl group, X represents O, COO, OCO, CO or a single bond, Y represents COO, OCO, CH.sub.2 O or OCH.sub.2, Z represents COO or O, (A) represents a cyclic group shown by ##STR2## (B) represents a cyclic group shown by ##STR3## and l shows that the cyclic groups are substituted by at least one halogen atom.

Abstract: Aromatic polyamides of the invention are polyamides comprising a recurring unit ##STR1## and a recurring unit [--NH--Ar.sub.1 --NH--] and copolyamides comprising a recurring unit ##STR2## and a recurring unit [--NH--Ar.sub.2 --NHCO--Ar.sub.3 --CO--] wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are, for example, phenylene group, naphthylene group, biphenylene group, and 4,4'-methylenediphenylene group and Ar.sub.3 is, for example, phenylene group, naphthylene group and biphenylene group in which both the bonding chains extend in the coaxial direction or in the parallel direction to axis.The aromatic polyamide of the invention has high glass transition temperature and has heat resistance, high strength, and high elasticity and besides is soluble in various solvents and is excellent in spinnability and film-formability. The aromatic polyamide is molded into fibers or films and can be utilized as electric insulating materials, laminates, varnishes, fabrics, synthetic papers, etc.

Abstract: 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-hydroxy-5-benzyloxy compounds represented by the following formula (I) and optical isomers thereof: ##STR1##The compounds of the present invention are R-form and S-form when X is --C.tbd.C-- and are trans-form and cis-form both of which have respectively R-form and S-form when X is --CH.dbd.CH-- or ##STR2## ##STR3## the compound of the present invention is ##STR4## The compounds of the present invention are useful for asymmetric introduction of trifluoromethyl group and molecular designing of biologically active substances, ferroelectric liquid crystal compounds and so on.

Abstract: An optically active fluorine-containing alcohol of ##STR1## where R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1-18 alkyl and n is 2-10, and liquid crystal compound of ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each is a C.sub.1-18 alkyl, X is O, COO or OCO, Y is COO, OCO, CH.sub.2 O or OCH.sub.2, Z is COO or O, (A) and (B) each is for example ##STR3## and p is zero or one, which is prepared from (I) above.

Abstract: 3-(2-Trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)propenyl benzyl ether or derivatives thereof having the formula ##STR1## wherin R is a substituted or not substituted phenyl group and a mark * shows an asymmetric carbon atom, and derivatives thereof are provided, which are useful as a material for preparing liquid crystal compound.

Abstract: Aromatic copolyesters comprise 10 to 90 mol % of the repeating unit (I) and 90 to 10 mol % of the repeating unit (II): ##STR1## wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 may be the same or different and are, for example, a lower alkylene group, a lower alkylidene group or a carbonyl group, Ar is, for example, a phenylene group or a naphthylene group, and m or n is zero or one, and the copolyesters have high glass transition temperature, heat resistance, modulus, moulding processability and mechanical strength and are useful for shaped articles in mechanical, electrical or medical applications.

Abstract: A compound of ##STR1## (wherein n is an integer from 2 to 15; R' is ##STR2## m is total number of carbon atoms in R' and is an integer from 5 to 12, and * mark shows asymmetric carbon atom) which is useful for an electric indicative element of liquid crystal is provided.

Abstract: Fluorine-containing carbonyl compounds of the formula ##STR1## and its optically active isomers, which are useful for liquid crystal, bioactive substances, medicines, agricultural medicines such as fungicides, herbicides and hormones, organic functional materials and LB membranes, prepared by the reaction with trifluoro acetoaldehyde and RCOCH.sub.3, wherein R is a substituted or not-substituted lower alkyl group, preferably a lower alkyl having not more than 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or not-substituted aromatic group or a substituted or not-substituted arylalkyl group.

Abstract: Lower olefinic hydrocarbons are produced from methanol in a high yield and with a high selectivity by bringing methanol into contact with a metallosilicate catalyst of the formula Si/Me wherein atomic ratio of Si/Me is 25-3200 and Me is Fe, Ni or Co at a temperature of 250.degree.-400.degree. C., a space velocity of 2000-8000 hr.sup.-1 and a pressure of atmospheric pressure -50 kg/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: Liquid hydrocarbon is prepared with high efficiency from hydrocarbon gas containing C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 paraffinic hydrocarbons and/or C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 olefinic hydrocarbons by bringing the gas into contact with a metallo-silicate catalyst having the following chemical composition in mol %:Si/Me:15-3500OH.sup.- /SiO.sub.2 :0.3-1.0H.sub.2 O/SiO.sub.2 :30-100R/(R+alkali metal):0.05-0.15NaCl/H.sub.2 O:0.01-0.06where R is quaternary alkylammonium cation,alkali metal is Na or K, Me is metal ion of B, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, Zr, Mo, W, La or Sc,and having the following acidity per g of catalyst:total acid 0.1-4.5 milli-equivalentstrong acid 0.05-2.0 milli-equivalentweak acid 0.05-3.0 milli-equivalent.

Abstract: Low molecular paraffin hydrocarbons can be converted to aromatic hydrocarbons at high yields of 20-30% in the presence of a metallo-silicate catalyst (Si/Me) (wherein atomic ratio of Si/Me is 25-3200 and Me is Al, Ga, Ti, Zr, Ge, La, Mn, Cr, Sc, V, Fe, W, Mo or Ni) modified with 0.25-1.5% by weight of platinum or gallium or a gallium-silicate catalyst (atomic ratio of Si/Ga is 25-3200).Since said catalyst is of high activity and reaction is carried out at low temperatures, reduction of selectivity of the catalyst caused by decomposition of aromatic hydrocarbons produced can be prevented.

Abstract: A process is provided for recovering a solvent vapor from a mixed gas of the solvent vapor and air. From a vessel storing a mixed gas of the solvent vapor and air, the mixed gas is passed through a compressor to be compressed to a low degree, the resultant compressed mixed gas is introduced to a first absorption column, where said compressed mixed gas is brought into contact with a first absorbent to absorb and recover a greater part of the solvent vapor. A gas coming out from the first absorption column is introduced to a second absorption column, where said gas is brought into contact with a second absorbent.