Abstract: A mass spectrometer comprising an ion source for producing an ion beam, an ion optical system having an entrance and an exit slit, and an ion detector. The ion optical system comprises a series combination of an energy dispersing unit and a mass dispersing unit. The energy dispersing unit comprises a toroidal electrical field having a deflection angle of 85.degree. to 95.degree. while the mass dispersing unit comprises a homogeneous magnetic field having a deflection angle of 85.degree. to 95.degree. and an entrance end face made concave as viewed from the entrance side of the ion beam when the apparatus is operated as a double focussing mass spectrometer of the reverse geometry type and an exit end face inclined 6.degree. to 14.degree. to the negative side from a position perpendicular to the axis of the ion optical system.

Abstract: A method of emission spectrochemical analysis is provided which comprises the steps of producing a predetermined number of spark discharges between an electrode and a specimen containing an element in a first and second state. The intensity of emission of light caused by each of the spark discharges is measured and a frequency distribution of the measured intensities of emission is obtained. The distribution is separated into an area of normal distribution and an area outside the area of normal distribution, and an intensity of emission value is selected. The amount of the element in the first state is determined as a function of the selected intensity of emission multiplied by the area of normal distribution and the amount of the element in the second state is determined as a function of the selected intensity of emission multiplied by the area outside the area of normal distribution.

Abstract: Densitometer for quantitative determination of a sample spot on a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate or the like having besides the spot an area of impurities developed thereon, wherein the surface of the plate is scanned in a zigzag way by a light beam having a minute cross section. In one stroke of the zigzag scanning of the area containing impurities immediately before the spot the measured signal is integrated and stored by a first integrator and in each and every one of the succeeding strokes of the scanning of the spot the measured signal is integrated by a second integrator. The stored integrated value of the first integrator is subtracted from the integrated value of the second integrator in each and every one of the scanning strokes across the spot and the result of the subtraction is integrated for quantitative determination of the spot without errors caused by the impurities contained in the sample.

Abstract: A wavelength driving device for use in monochromators, wherein at least two wavelength driving cams of different peripheral contours are provided, which alternatively operate for different portions of the whole wavelength range to be covered by the device. The device is also provided with means which enables easy correction of deviations of dispersion of the prism from the design value.

Abstract: A spectrophotometer comprising means for producing electrical signals Er and Es corresponding to reference and measuring beams, respectively; means for multiplying the value Es by a factor k to produce an electrical signal corresponding to the value kEs; means for controlling said signal producing means so as to keep the value (Er + kEs) constant; and means for producing an electrical signal corresponding to the value (Er - kEs), whereby minute changes of the absorbance of a sample can be accurately measured without logarithmic conversion.

Abstract: A spectrophotometer which uses as a detector a silicon photocell and a phototube sensitive to short wavelengths. The light from the sample cell is divided into a smaller and a larger portion. The smaller portion is projected onto the silicon photocell and the larger portion, to the phototube. The two outputs are combined and amplified for indication. The whole of the light transmitted through the sample cell may also be projected to the phototube while the spectrophotometer operates in the short wavelength region and alternatively to the silicon photocell while the instrument operates in the long wavelength region.

Abstract: A mass spectrometer wherein the ion beam is deflected for scanning of a mass spectrum or selection of mass numbers, without changing the magnetic field strength and the ion-accelerating voltage. The means for deflecting the ion beam may be arranged between the ion source and the magnetic field or within the magnetic field or between the magnetic field and the ion detector.

Abstract: This invention provides a hydraulic motor with a mechanical brake device in which a brake means is always pressed in position between the case body of the brake device and the brake operating member by the pressing force of plural spring members, and the brake operating member pressing the brake means is slid in the axial direction resisting against the spring members through cam means in response to a driving torque from a drive shaft of a hydraulic motor assembly so that the brake device always can be restrained from rotation of a free rotatable drive shaft during the non-operation of the hydraulic motor assembly and capable to be taken off restraint in response to a driving torque from the drive shaft of a hydraulic motor assembly.

Abstract: A chromatograph having removable modular analysis units fitting into a chamber within the chromatograph housing, each unit including a column, sample introduction portion and detector. Each modular unit includes a block of thermally conductive material which encloses substantial portions of the sample introduction means and detector and is provided with an exposed surface adapted to contact heating means contained in the chromatograph housing.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for densitometry wherein a sample spot developed on a supporting medium is scanned by monochromatic light in a zigzag way, and at a predetermined point outside the spot in each scanning stroke the measured output is periodically sampled and stored so as to be subtracted from the measured output during the scanning stroke for correction of the base line of the measured output.

Abstract: A detector for use in chromatographs which comprises a capillary passage through which a liquid is to be passed, a first pair of electrodes spaced a distance apart from each other axially of said passage and arranged in an electrically conductive relation to said liquid for causing electric current to flow therethrough, a second pair of electrodes spaced a distance apart from each other axially of said passage between said first pair of electrodes and arranged in electrical contact with said liquid in said passage, and means connected to said second pair of electrodes for measuring changes in the potential difference therebetween.

Abstract: Densitometer for quantitative determination of the content of a sample spot on a TLC plate or the like, wherein dualwavelength zigzag scanning is conducted on the spot. Light reflected and transmitted by the sample is received by photometers, and compensation based on Kubelka-Munk's theoretical equations is made on the photometer output so that the output is substantially proportional to the quantity of the substance in the spot being scanned.

Abstract: Apparatus for automatically detecting and eliminating flaws on slabs or billets which comprises a single flaw detector for successively scanning the surfaces of objects to be examined to produce detection signals corresponding to the flaws detected on the objects; a plurality of storage units each of which separately stores the detection signals obtained from scanning of one of said objects; and a plurality of flaw eliminators to each of which one of said objects that have been scanned by said detector is transferred so that each of said eliminators scans the surface of said transferred object to eliminate the flaws thereon in accordance with the detection signals stored in the corresponding one of said storage units.

Abstract: A heating system comprises a hydraulic pump, a heat generating chamber, and a driving means for said hydraulic pump, and besides some pipes provided therebetween for connecting them into a closed loop. An orifice is provided at the inlet of said heat generating chamber. Said pipes are filled with a kind of liquid such as oil etc. in advance. Said liquid is forced to be circulated in said pipes through each component, being driven by means of said hydraulic pump wherein the pressed liquid is jetted out into said heat generating chamber through said orifice. Thus, the loss hydraulic energy due to jetting out of the hydraulic liquid will be converted into heat energy which can be utilized as the heat source of said heating system.

Abstract: A chromatograph provided with a new and improved purge system for the sample introducing chamber, wherein a first carrier fluid supplying conduit is connected to the chamber adjacent to the sample injection port thereof and a second carrier fluid supplying conduit is connected to the fluid path between the column and the connecting point of the first conduit and the chamber. When a sample is injected into the chamber for analysis, the carrier fluid is supplied into the chamber through the first conduit to carry the sample components into the column, and when the analysis has been completed, the carrier fluid is introduced into the fluid path through the second conduit to flow upstream through the chamber, thereby preventing any of the sample components remaining in the chamber from entering the column to cause "ghost" peaks or baseline fluctuation in the chromatogram.

Abstract: A spectrophotometer which comprises a monochromator, a pair of cells to which the light from the monochromator is projected, means for converting the light from the cells into corresponding electrical signals, means for comparing the electrical signals to produce an output, means for magnetically recording the output from the comparing means, means connected to the output of the comparing means to perform predetermined arithmetic operations thereon, and means for recording the output from the last-mentioned means, whereby various types of spectra of substances such as derivative spectra, difference spectra and the derivatives thereof can easily be obtained.

Abstract: Apparatus for automatically detecting and eliminating flaws on slabs or billets which comprises a flaw detector and a grinder both mounted on a common carriage reciprocable alongside the slab or billet under inspection. The detector and the grinder are movable relative to the carriage and consequently the object under inspection so that as the carriage reciprocates, the detector scans the surface of the slab or billet, with the grinder following the scanning locus of the detector a predetermined distance behind on the scanning line, ready to eliminate the flaw detected by the detector.

Abstract: In a hydraulic motor or pump comprising a casing, a shaft, means journalling said shaft in said casing, an eccentric on said shaft, a bearing block within said casing and about said eccentric and having a bore permitting relative rotation between said bearing block and said eccentric, a plurality of hydraulic cylinders formed and grouped in said bearing block radially about said eccentric in a common plane normal to the axis of said shaft, a plunger slidable in each of said cylinders, said plunger having an outer end face, flat faces of abutments formed in said casing at its internal surface for engagement with said outer end faces of said plungers, respectively, means urging said plunger in the direction of said face abutment of said casing during the operation of said motor or pump, and said bearing block having a port communicating between its bore and the interior of each of said cylinder interior, whereby pressure liquid is admitted to the cylinders in turn one after another during the operation of said

Abstract: A sailing simulator comprising: a hull provided with a boom and a rudder; first supporting means for supporting the hull through the intermediary of springs for heeling motion; second supporting means for supporting the first supporting means for rotation about a vertical axis; and drive means for causing the first and second supporting means to effect heeling motion and rotation, respectively; and means operable in response to the handling of the boom and/or the rudder to control the drive means. An elastic means is interposed between the first supporting means and the drive means therefor so that the hull can be moved about the heeling axis by positional change of the weight of the trainee on the hull. Means is also provided for application of a reactive force to the boom as the boom and/or the rudder are handled.

Abstract: Apparatus for electrophoretic analysis of ions or like electrically charged particles, wherein the potential gradients of the different kinds of ions contained in a liquid column formed in an electrophoretic capillary tube are detected and the ratio between potential gradient of a selected one of said different kinds of ions and that of each of the other kinds of ions is calculated to obtain a value relating to the mobility of each of said different kinds of ions.