Abstract: In the horizontal continuous casting of metal, an upper contact part and a lower contact part of the metal body are horizontally displaced with the inner wall of the tubular chilled mold relative to one another, so that the lower contact part is psoitioned downstream relative to the upper contact part.

Abstract: In continuous casting of a non-ferrous metal melt by a gas-pressure impartation method, the cast skin of a large size ingot is usually impaired by the chilling effect of a mold, and it is difficult to stably produce a large size ingot. This difficulty is overcome by controlling the quantity of gas inflow in accordance with the quantity of the light emitted from a light source provided below a mold and laterally to an ingot, which light reaches a separate chamber for gas-pressure impartation.

Abstract: In the horizontal continuous casting of metal, an upper contact part and a lower contact part of the metal body are horizontally displaced with the inner wall of the tubular chilled mold relative to one another, so that the lower contact part is positioned downstream relative to the upper contact part. Gas pressure is used to displace the contact point.

Abstract: In the production of aluminum by electrolytically reducing alumina dissolved in a fused fluoride salt mainly composed of cryolite, the present invention aims to reduce the cell voltage and/or to increase the inter-electrode distance of an aluminum electrolytic cell with a self baking type electrode, thereby reducing the specific electric power consumption. The present invention also automatically eliminates the anode effect. This is achieved by introducing a gas to the lower surface of the carbon anode in contact with the electrolytic bath, via at least one aperture passing in an essentially vertical direction through the carbon anode.

Abstract: Bayer liquor containing carbon compounds is freed from the carbon compounds by a method which comprises adjusting the molar ratio of the aluminum component to the sodium component in the liquid to a value in the range of from 1 to 5 calculated as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 /Na.sub.2 O and heating the resultant Bayer liquor.