Abstract: A positioning apparatus converts linear movement along a first axis into either linear movement along another axis or rotational movement. The apparatus includes a fixed element and one or more moveable elements which are moveable relative to the fixed element. A first guide element is attached to the fixed element and a second guide element is attached to the moveable element. An adjustment mechanism, which is associated with the first and second guide elements, is moveable relative to the fixed element along a first axis, and movement of the adjustment causes movement of the moveable element.

Abstract: A positioning apparatus converts linear movement along a first axis into either linear movement along another axis or rotational movement. The apparatus includes a fixed element and one or more moveable elements which are moveable relative to the fixed element. A first guide element is attached to the fixed element and a second guide element is attached to the moveable element. An adjustment mechanism, which is associated with the first and second guide elements, is moveable relative to the fixed element along a first axis, and movement of the adjustment causes movement of the moveable element.

Abstract: A clamping mechanism for attaching a clamping base to a surface is disclosed. The preferred clamping base is elongated and has a longitudinal channel for receiving a fastener, preferably a screw. The fastener frictionally holds the clamping base to a surface. The clamping base further includes a hole having a slot for stable mounting of objects under study. The diameter of the hole is variable and is actuated by a clamping screw extending through a cavity in the clamping base.