Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a gas suitable for the production of energy, out of coal. The coal is gasified in counterflow with air-blast in a gasifier, and the gas generated is then mixed with a gas containing oxygen, in a ratio such that the quotient CO.sub.2 /CO in the resultant gas does not exceed 0.1, in order to crack tar substances occurring in the gas. The gas is thereafter introduced into a dolomite or lime shaft for removal of sulphur compounds, any remaining tar substances and to gasify any accompanying coal particles not yet gasified.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of recovering chemicals from spent liquors while at the same time utilizing energy liberated during the process. The spent liquors are gasified and partially disintegrated in a reactor (1), external thermal energy independent of combustion being simultaneously supplied to the reaction zone (2) of the reactor, after which the resultant melt is separated (at 9) at substantially the temperature prevailing at combustion, the gaseous product thereby formed being quenched in a quenching and cooling zone (6), to a temperature below 950.degree. C. A product gas is thus obtained which contains substantially no sulphur impurities, an alkali product with high sulphide content and an alkali product substantially free from sulphide and having low Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 content.

Abstract: A method of continuously overheating large volumes of gas wherein a gas flow is heated in a cylindrical pipe by means of an electric arc generated between two electrodes arranged in the pipe and axially spaced from each other, the gas being introduced in the tube at a speed of 15-100 m/s and supplied with a quantity of energy amounting to 0.1-0.5 kWh/m.sup.3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of destroying waste to form a leach-proof slag and a gas containing only H.sub.2 and CO as combustible constituents. The method comprises the steps of: (a) supplying waste material at the top of a shaft furnace while simultaneously supplying energy in the form of hot oxidizing gas at the bottom of the shaft furnace, (b) discharging liquid slag from the bottom of the furnace shaft and withdrawing the gas generated, at the top of the furnace shaft, and (c) supplying the gas generated, to a subsequent reaction chamber while simultaneously supplying energy in the form of a hot gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and means of increasing capacity and improving the chemical recovery process when using a conventional soda recovery boiler for recovering chemicals out of spent sulphate liquors. The spent sulphate liquor is supplied in full or in part to a liquor gasifier (8) while external energy independent of combustion is simultaneously supplied (at 16, 17). The temperature and oxygen potential are carefully controlled independently of each other by means of controlled supply of the energy. The product thus obtained is thereafter introduced in full or in part into a soda recovery boiler (1).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for facilitating the connection of burners, especially plasma generators, to reactor tuyeres in vertical furnaces for metal oxide reduction with simultaneous sealing of the vertical furnace, composed of a sealing ring (13) with a unit for the supply of a protective gas (10, 17, 18, 19). In this case the sealing ring (13) is constructed radially movable in a seat (12).

Abstract: The invention relates to the recovery of chemicals from waste liquor from wood pulp process, primarily black liquor, while utilizing energy liberated. Controlled total vaporization of the pulp waste liquor at high temperature and low oxygen potential is achieved by the external supply of energy. During the subsequent condensation and separation of melt or water solution is obtained which, without causticizing, can be used for the preparation of white liquor, and also an energy rich gas and mainly free from sulphur, consisting primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and means for condensing zinc vapor out of a gas. A substantially coherent curtain (25) of cooling metal is generated, towards which the gas containing zinc vapor is directed. The resultant mixture is expanded in an expansion zone (21a) and thereafter accelerated in a compression zone (21b), thus ensuring that all parts of the gas are brought into contact with the cooling metal. Particles and drops are then separated by passing the gas over the surface of a bath of cooling metal (28).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for heating up a first gas-flow with a second gas-flow. The first gas-flow is caused to flow along a wall in a cylindrical chamber as a rotating gas-flow and the second gas-flow is caused to flow centrally in the chamber, surrounded by the first gas-flow, so that the wall is protected.The apparatus comprises a chamber having an inlet section designed as a whirlpool chamber and an elongate cylindrical mixing part non-radial inlets for the first gas-flow, having their orifices in the wall of the whirlpool chamber and having an inlet for the second gas-flow, arranged substantially centrally in the end of the whirlpool chamber facing away from the mixing part, as well as an outlet section arranged in the mixing chamber part opposite the whirlpool chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a plant for cooling gases and removing dust from them. In a first step after saturation with water vapour, the gas is brought to accelerate, additional water being simultaneously added to the dust particles in the gas, whereupon the gas flow thus loaded is brought to pass over the surface of the water in a first sedimentation container (1) so that the majority of the dust content is released to the sump in the sedimentation container (1). The gas flow is thereafter subjected to final cleaning and cooling in a second step, through direct contact with water, whereupon the water utilized in this manner, possibly via a second sedimentation container (2), is wholly or partially returned to the first step.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a means for facilitating the replacement of plasma generators and for minimizing the heat losses during installation of a plasma generator in a shaft furnace, particularly for plasma generators of the type comprising cylindrical electrodes between which an electric arc is generated, the bases of the arc being caused to rotate by means of electric field coils arranged around said electrodes. To achieve this at least the field coil (7) surrounding the electrode nearest to the nose (12) of the plasma generator, together with its connections for coolant and electricity, is permanently secured in the wall (1) of the shaft furnace in conjunction with the opening (6) for insertion of the plasma generator (11) into the shaft furnace.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of destroying and vaporizing refuse, primarily household waste. The material is fed into a shaft furnace, in which the material is subjected to a vaporization and combustion process in at least three zones, said zones being produced by the supply of blast air at least at three different levels in the shaft furnace which blast gas completely or partly is supplied with controlled quantities of thermal energy by means of electricity, preferably by using at least one plasma generator. The gas produced by the process is withdrawn through an annular drum, arranged about two thirds of the way up the shaft furnace. The gas leaving can be used as combustion gas e.g. for district heating plants and steam power stations with varying thermal requirements.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and means for cooling lump material in which the material in a vertical, gas-tight cooler (1) is subjected in a furst step to a transverse cooling flow (at 9) and in a second step to counter-flow cooling (at 20). Optimal cooling effect is obtained by a distribution of the cooling gas between transverse and counter-flow cooling in such a way that maximum temperature is obtained in the cooling gas leaving through the outlet (13).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of destroying hazardous waste, by means of under-stoichiometric incineration at a temperature of at least 1200.degree. C., the ratio between injected waste material and oxidant being regulated to give a quotient CO.sub.2 /(CO+CO.sub.2) of less than 0.1.

Abstract: The invention relates to the recovery of chemicals from waste liquor from wood pulp process, primarily black liquor, while utilizing energy liberated. Controlled total vaporization of the pulp waste liquor at high temperature and low oxygen potential is achieved by the external supply of energy. During the subsequent condensation and separation a melt or water solution is obtained which, without causticizing, can be used for the preparation of white liquor, and also an energy rich gas and mainly free from sulphur, consisting primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: Finely powdered oxidde ore is introduced (at 17) in a reactor (11), possibly together with slag-formers, and treated in three zones in the reactor. The material is preheated and possibly melted in an upper, oxidizing zone by the combustion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas from the middle zone below with a gas containing oxygen. In a middle zone consisting of a slag bath, the preheated and possibly melted oxide material at least partially reduced by the simultaneous injection of carbonaceous material and/or material containing hydrocarbon (15, 16) and thermal energy supplied primarily by means of gas heated in a plasma generator (14). Finally, the material is caused to sink into a lower zone at the bottom of the reactor, from where it is tapped intermittently, together with the slag, through a tapping aperture (19).

Abstract: Calcium carbide is prepared from a powdered lime material. The powdered lime material, possibly together with a reducing agent, is injected with the aid of a carrier gas into a plasma gas generated by a plasma generator. The heated lime material, together with any reducing agent used and the energy-rich plasma gas, is then introduced into a reaction chamber substantially surrounded on all sides by a solid reducing agent in piece form. When the lime material consists of quicklime, this is melted and reduced to liquid carbide and when the lime material consists of powdered limestone, it is burnt directly in the reaction zone to form liquid carbide.

Abstract: Recovery of oxide or silicate-bound metals from liquid slag, in metallic or sulphidic form is carried out by reduction with carbonaceous reducing agent, the thermal energy required to maintain the temperature and perform the reduction and sulphidization being provided by blowing gas preheated in a plasma generator below the surface of the slag bath. The vapor of volatile metals is condensed in known manner in a condensor, the non-volatile metals and sulphides formed being collected in the form of molten drops which are allowed to settle out of the slag.

Abstract: High-strength rods, useful in an acid enviroment, in which the H.sub.2 S partial pressure in gaseous phase may exceed 300 Pa or in which the H.sub.2 S content in liquid phase may have a corresponding equilibrium pressure and/or in which CO.sub.2 or other acidifying substances may be present are manufactured from cold-deformed carbon steel or cold-deformed low-alloyed steel. A preferred composition for the steel is:C O-1.20%Si O-1.0%Mn O-3.0%Cr O-2.0%Ni O-1.0%Mo O-1.0%Cu O-1.0%V O-0.3%Nb O-0.2%Ca O-0.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are disclosed for heating process air for industrial purposes to a predetermined temperature. In one embodiment, the method comprises passing a first air-flow portion through a plasma generator and thus heating said portion to a temperature sufficiently high to cause the ionization of nitrogen and oxygen in the portion and thus form a plasma gas, immediately thereafter adding to said plasma gas a material containing carbon and/or hydrocarbon in sufficient quantity that when said material is reacted with the plasma gas, the ratio CO+H.sub.2 /CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 O is at least 0.1 thereby substantially avoiding the formation of nitrogen oxide; and immediately thereafter mixing with the plasma gas, with its content of material containing carbon and/or hydrocarbon, a second air flow in such proportion that the predetermined temperature is achieved in the final air mixture.