Abstract: In some aspects, devices, systems, and methods are provided that relate to data deduplication performed in data storage devices, such as solid-state drives (SSD) or drives of any other type. In some aspects, devices, systems, and methods are provided that relate to hierarchical data deduplication at a local and system level, such as in a storage system built with one or more SSDs having built-in data deduplication functionality. The hierarchical data deduplication utilizes the IDs in the data storage devices to decide if the incoming data has to be stored or if a copy of the incoming data is already stored. In hierarchical data deduplication, no IDs (or signatures) are required to be stored at a system level. In some aspects, data steering is provided that enables data storing coordination in a system that consists of a set of data storage device (e.g., SSDs) having built-in data deduplication.