Abstract: A system for obtaining and outputting real time blood glucose values or one or more indicators related thereto is described. The system comprises a sensor for obtaining blood glucose data from an individual in real time. The system includes an analyzer for comparing in a first comparison some or all of the blood glucose data obtained in real time and for generating an indicator in real time when the analyzer in comparing some or all of the blood glucose data identifies blood glucose data as unacceptable, the indicator provided as output on the user interface in real time.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for normalizing path length in an optical system for non-invasive glucose concentration. A method arrangement includes providing an optical energy source spaced from a first photo-detector by a sensing area; transmitting energy from the optical energy source onto the first photo-detector; storing a first reading corresponding to the light intensity observed by the first photo-detector; subsequently, introducing a container of solution including an optically active substance into the sampling area; transmitting energy from the optical energy source through the container in the sampling area and onto the first photo-detector; storing a second reading corresponding to the light intensity observed by the first photo-detector; determining a ratio of the first reading to the second reading; and determining a path length L by computing L=ln(ratio)/? where ? is an absorption constant of the optical energy in the solution and container. Additional arrangements are disclosed.