Abstract: A layered waveguide stack radiant energy converter array having a plurality of superposed waveguides, each waveguide having a core layer having a radiant energy converter disposed therein, and two cladding layers disposed on opposing sides of the core. In some embodiments the conductive layers are electrically coupled to the converter and act as charge carriers for it, and in other wires are provided for individual converters. Each waveguide has at least one inlet for passage of radiant energy therethrough, the inlet extending between the cladding layers, such that radiant energy entering the waveguide impinges on at least two layers of the waveguide, the inlet further defining a minimum cutoff frequency for the energy to propagate in the waveguide. In some embodiments such as solar panels, energy is harvested. In other embodiments energy is detected such as for example is done in a camera focal plane sensor. In some embodiments the stack is used to emit light.

Abstract: A pixel structure, displays, and display panels comprising a plurality of pixel structures, are provided. The pixel structure comprising: a Continuous Resonant Trap Refractor waveguide having a tapered core with an aperture for emitting the light and a narrower end or tip, the tapered core having cladding disposed thereabout, the core and the cladding both being transmissive of light; and a plurality of light sources disposed for coupling light into the core via the cladding. Preferably the light sources are disposed within layers of substrate, which may form lateral waveguides. An optional plurality of light sources disposed at an angle offers emitting a simultaneous plurality of images, each having a different polarization, for 3D viewing, and other desired emissions at varying polarizations.

Abstract: A pixel structure having a cladding and tapered core waveguide, the core dimensioned to refract EM radiation through the cladding at differing depth dependent on the wavelength of the radiation, and a plurality of detectors disposed to convert the band of radiation they receive into electrical signals. In some embodiments the detectors are disposed within lateral waveguides, and in some embodiments below the tapered core waveguide. Further disclosed is an image array sensor comprising a plurality of such pixel structures. Further disclosed is an array comprising stacked layered waveguides having detectors disposed therewithin, and a plurality of refractors to refract different bands of EM radiation into differing waveguides.