Abstract: Provided herein are compositions and methods of using those compositions in treating game meat to prevent spoilage and/or contamination. Also provided are compositions and methods of using those compositions in acidifying the surface of game meat. Compositions provided herein can be used to prevent contamination and/or spoilage of meat. Likewise, compositions provided herein can be used to treat butchered meat to tenderize the meat and/or to prevent the growth of dormant bacteria on freshly thawed meat. Compositions provided herein can be used to prevent or mitigate hair loss from a hide or cape to preserve the quality of the leather.