Abstract: A method of applying a "pseudo watermark" to paper, comprises the steps of preparing a paper containing a suitable amount of a thermally sensitive material, the presence of which renders the translucency of the paper variable by temperature change, and subsequently applying heat to a part of the surface of the paper in a manner to cause a region of the paper to become semi-translucent. Apparatus suitable for applying heat to the paper is also disclosed.

Abstract: A multiwall commodity bag comprising a sealed plastic tube having a longitudinal seam formed by overlapping margins sealed together by two spaced seals to provide a channel. The overlapping margins are formed with openings only at the opposite ends of the channel, one of the openings being formed in one of the overlapping tube margins at one end of the channel and providing communication between the interior of the tube and the channel to permit escape of air through the tube, another of the openings being formed in the other overlapping tube margin at the opposite end of the channel and providing communication between the interior of the channel and the exterior of the tube. The size and number of openings are such as to permit venting of the tube while inhibiting flow of commodity into the channel or admission of external contaminants into the channel.

Abstract: A transducer mounting assembly is provided for use in conjunction with apparatus for measuring the percentage of solid particles in a suspension flowing through a pipe. A hinged collar is adapted to be secured around a section of pipe. A radiant energy source is mounted at a first position on the circumference of the collar for radiating diffused radiant energy into the pipe. A first radiant energy detector is mounted at a second position on the circumference of the collar for sensing diffused energy in the pipe which is forward-scattered when a suspension flows therethrough. A second radiant energy detector is mounted at a third position on the circumference of the collar adjacent the first position for sensing diffused energy in the pipe which is back-scattered by a suspension flowing therethrough. A connector is provided for connecting the radiant energy source and detectors to a measuring apparatus.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for metering of coating on a moving web of material, such as linerboard, paperboard, paper, film, foil or the like, in which the web is fed between a support and a skirt of flexible plastic sheet material extending across the full width of the web and having a free end portion extending contiguous and parallel to and in the direction of movement of the web, and a pressurized tube in contact with the free end portion of the skirt cooperates with the skirt and the web to create a constant pressure web coating region between the web and the free end portion of the skirt within which the coating thickness is skimmed down to provide a layer of coating on the web of substantially uniform thickness.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the percentage of solid particles in a suspension (consistency) is provided. A source of diffused radiant energy is provided which energy is directed toward a suspension to be measured. The portion of the energy which is forward-scattered by the suspension is detected and a first signal indicative of the magnitude of the forward-scattered energy is produced. The portion of energy which is back-scattered by the suspension is detected and a second signal indicative of the magnitude of back-scattered energy is produced. The first and second signals are combined at a predetermined ratio to produce a feedback signal used to control the intensity of energy emitted from the radiant energy source. The intensity of energy emitted from the source is a function of the forward-scattered and back-scattered energy and is directly proportional to the consistency of the suspension being measured.

Abstract: A process of producing cooking liquor for addition to a digester for enhancement of the yield derived from kraft pulping of wood chips in which a portion of the black liquor is treated with lime under certain conditions and then reused as cooking liquor. The causticizing of the black liquor results in the generation of polysulfide ions and allows, through the formation of calcium-organo complexes, for the carryover of soluble calcium with the black liquor. The presence of calcium ions synergistically enhances the effectiveness of polysulfide such that the use of the new cooking liquor results in pulp yield increases of several percentage points for the same lignin content when compared to conventional kraft pulping.

Abstract: Apparatus for sensing the distance from a reference point to a remote object comprises a light source and optics to project light from the light source onto the remote object. One component of the optics is a movable mirror which is used to position the projected light on a remote object. A sensor is provided to detect the position of the projected light on the remote object. In response to position information from the sensor, control circuitry produces a drive signal which controls a galvanometer. The galvanometer shaft is attached to rotate the mirror. When the mirror has been positioned such that the projected light impinges on the remote object at a predetermined location, the value of the drive signal can be used to compute the distance to the remote object by triangulation.

Abstract: A multiwall bag having an interior plastic pouch formed from a sealed plastic tube having a longitudinal seam comprising overlapping tube margins sealed together by two spaced seals to provide a channel, one of the tube margins being formed with openings providing communication between the interior of the tube and the channel to permit escape of air from the tube. A strip of material is disposed along the length of the channel to prevent the overlapping tube margins from adhering to each other between the spaced seals.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for dynamically monitoring the gap between the refining surfaces of first and second relatively rotating metallic refining members. At least one of the refining members is mounted to a first rotatable shaft which is supported in a housing by lubricated bearing means. When the refining members are in rotating relation, an electrical impedance exists across the gap. The value of the impedance is dependent on the size of the gap. An alternating electrical current is passed through the gap and the voltage across the gap is monitored to provide an indication of the size of the gap. The voltage across the gap can also be used as one input to a circuit which controls the size of the gap by driving an electro/hydraulic system.

Abstract: A bulk material container having a pair of slings connected to the sidewall thereof for supporting and transporting the container is provided with an opening in its bottom wall for dispensing bulk material therethrough. The opening is opened and closed by a slide valve gate having handles at opposed ends and an off-center opening adapted to be placed into full or partial registration with the opening in the bottom wall of the container to control the flow of bulk material from the container.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for metering and smoothing coating on a moving web of material, such as linerboard, paperboard, paper, film, foil or the like, in which the web is fed between a skimming rod below the coated side of the web and a skirt of flexible plastic sheet material extending across the full width of the upper or uncoated side of the web and having a free end portion extending in contact with and in the direction of movement of the web. A pressurized tube in contact with the free end portion of the skirt, causes the skirt to bear directly on the upper surface of the web and downwardly on the rod to create a constant pressure web coating region between the web and the rod within which the coating thickness is skimmed down by the rod to provide a layer of coating on the web of substantially uniform thickness.

Abstract: A valved lined container is disclosed. The container has an opening at one corner through which the liner valve protrudes. The liner valve is supported by an end flap of the container. The other corners of the container are reinforced. The liner may be filled, emptied and sealed by the protruding liner valve. The liner has an unstressed bottom seal. The liner is attached to the bag near all four width extending edges of the container with releasable glue.

Abstract: A complete production line of a wood I-joist manufacturing apparatus, the method of manufacture, and the I-joist products having lumber chords and a plywood web are available, wherein both the chord lumber and the web plywood are initially made into essentially endless lengths for subsequent cutting to lengths of the then pre-specified sizes of I-joists being prepared. Smaller lengths of chord lumber are finger jointed and glue cured together into longer lengths, which are then cut to specified overall lengths. Thereafter they are grooved to receive the opposing cut side edges of the web. Then these cut interfitting surfaces of both the chord lengths and the web first receive an application of glue before their subsequent convenient conveyed, converging, assembly. Once assembled, their overall glued joints enter a radio frequency heating glue curer which insures an excellent attachment between the chords and the web. The web is then cut to match the length of the chords.

Abstract: A multi-ply, gusseted, stepped end, pinch bottom bag is disclosed which includes a sleeved valve in a corner of one end for receiving a filling spout from a product dispensing machine. The valve is completely sift-proof and is constructed without making changes in the cut shape and relationship of the various plies of the bag to accommodate the valve sleeve. The bag is made from a plurality of plies of flexible material, such as kraft paper, which are cut and scored to permit a multiwall, gusseted, stepped end, pinch bottom bag to be formed and to further permit a valve area to be formed at one corner when the front wall, rear wall and gusset panels in that region are infolded. The valve sleeve which is inserted into the valve area includes a tuck-in flap which is sized and shaped to correspond to the pocket formed when the wall and gusset panels are folded back against the inside walls of the bag.

Abstract: A conveyor accumulates collapsed, flexible flat tubes into roughly aligned stacks which are transferred to a collator comprising an inclined tray-like receptacle mounted for multidirectional movement. The receptacle is simultaneously rotated and pivoted from a loading station to a discharge station while being rapidly reciprocated to vibrate the roughly stacked tubes. The combined effects of gravity and vibration urge the tubes to shift relative to each other into engagement with adjacent sidewalls of the tray to align the stack. A pallet mounted for multidirectional movement at the discharge station is automatically indexed to allow the aligned stacks to be deposited at preselected locations on the pallet.

Abstract: A moving substrate material such as a web of paper, paperboard, film, or other substance is covered with a coating by propelling a coating material onto a deflector bar positioned near the substrate material. The deflector bar is configured to deflect the coating material toward the moving web in a continuous, free standing, smooth jet curtain of coating material. The coating on the web is free of skips, scratches, and other imperfections. In one embodiment, propulsion of the coating material toward the bar is accomplished by rotating a drum, or applicator roll, through the coating material. The surface of the drum or roll carries the material to the deflector bar at a speed and in a sufficient quantity to cause the material to be deflected by the bar in a continuous free standing curtain toward the paper web.

Abstract: A steam seal machine and process is disclosed to seal together the two contiguous edges of an inner heat sealable ply in a multi-ply tubular bag form. The bag forms are conveyed transversely to their length by a first continuous conveyor and then by an intermittently operating conveyor into an openable steam chest. The second conveyor stops, and the steam chest closes so that it envelops the open mouth of the bag form. Steam is admitted to the steam chest through a valve and this steam penetrates the open end of the multi-ply bag form to seal together the contiguous edges of the heat sealable ply. In this way the steam need not penetrate through several layers of kraft paper or other reinforcing plies. The steam valve is closed, the steam chest opens and the second conveyor restarts to convey the bag form beyond the steam chest so that a part of a successive bag form may enter the steam chest. This part may be the top, bottom or side of the bag form whereat the heat sealable ply is being sealed.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process of pretreating a waste black liquor which results from the pulping of various vegetative fibers and wherein the pulping liquor contains as its active pulping ingredient sodium and sulfur with the pretreatment taking place prior to the subjecting of the waste black liquor to a hydropyrolysis reaction. The method and the materials used in the pretreatment are derived from the reaction products resulting from the hydropyrolysis reaction. The pretreatment serves to enable one to regenerate the inorganic chemical values a pulping liquor in an easy and economical manner and the pretreatment, also, serves to appropriately adjust the physical and chemical characteristics of the char produced in the hydropyrolysis reaction. This is accomplished primarily by utilizing the products resulting from the hydropyrolysis reaction.

Abstract: Heat is applied to a heat sealable material which may be in the form of a bag, for example, to seal a portion of the bag. This may be the top, bottom or side of the bag, and one form of heat sealable material is a plastic film such as polyethylene, either as a coating on the inside of a paper kraft bag or as a separate ply. The two portions to be heat sealed are juxtaposed and passed between endless metal bands which move in synchronism with the heat sealable material as a part of the conveyor means for the heat sealable material. Heat is imparted to the heat sealable material from the metal bands and it is imparted to the metal bands by electrical current conducted into the bands by collector rings on the pulleys over which the metal band is entrained. The heat is conducted through the kraft ply to the heat sealable material to cause the two portions to be sealed together.

Abstract: A flying spot is used to scan a web completely across the web from a leading to a trailing edge plus an additional distance on each side with the apparatus being initiated automatically as the leading edge is reached and ceasing an output when the trailing edge is reached. The web might be a paper web, for example, being scanned to determine the two edges, and also to determine defects including holes and wrinkles in the web. The flying spot is rectangular with the length of the rectangle parallel to the moving direction of the web and this flying spot rectangle traverses from one side to the other of the web. A hole in the web gives less than average reflected illumination to a detector, whereas a wrinkle gives increased illumination to the detector. The circuit differentiates the raw signal so that a hole or dark signal, gives a positive and then a negative going pulse, whereas a wrinkle, or lighter signal, gives a negative going pulse followed by a positive pulse.