Abstract: This specification discloses a process wherein by applying certain controlled homogeneous precipitation techniques in the presence of a homogeneously distributed finely divided particulate supporting material, there is effected a deposition precipitation of a metal or metal compound on the surfaces of the support particles. This deposition precipitation process may be effected in a number of ways, such as by homogeneous changes in the pH of the solution, or decomplexation to an insolubilizable metal ion, or introduction of the metal component to be precipitated, or oxidation or reduction techniques, or by introduction of precipitating ions, etc.

Abstract: A process for polymerizing .alpha.-olefins in the liquid phase is disclosed, wherein the olefins are polymerized in the presence of a catalyst prepared by first reacting as aluminum-halogen compound with an organomagnesium compound and thereafter reacting the resulting reaction mixture with a transition metal compound and then activating the resulting catalyst system with an organo-aluminum compound. The homopolymers and copolymers of .alpha.-olefins produced by this process find use in the normal applications of such polymers.

Abstract: An improved process for polymerization of lactones or mixtures of lactones in the presence of an initiator and a catalyst is disclosed wherein the initiator is an organic compound having at least one non-cyclic ester group and having no reactive hydrogen substituents. A polyester having blocked end groups is produced.

Abstract: A process for preparing urea by the intermediate formation of ammonium carbamate is disclosed, wherein the process involves reduced use of high pressure steam, and the reduced production, as a by-product, of low pressure steam, compared to prior art processes. Ammonium carbamate is formed from ammonia and carbon dioxide in a first reaction zone at a pressure of 90 - 140 atmospheres. Thereafter, the ammonium carbamate is partly converted into urea in a second reaction zone at about the same pressure as the first reaction zone until at least 40% of the equilibrium amount of the urea has formed, and then ammonium carbamate present in the solution from the second reaction zone is converted into additional urea in the third reaction zone at a pressure of at least 160 atmospheres until at least 85% of the equilibrium amount of urea has been formed.

Abstract: A urea synthesis process is disclosed, wherein carbon dioxide and ammonium carbamate are reacted at elevated pressure to form urea, the resulting process stream is heated at reduced pressure to decompose ammonium carbamate, the off-gas from the ammonium carbamate decomposition is separated from the residual process stream (containing produce urea), and the off-gas is condensed to form an ammonium carbamate solution which is recycled to urea synthesis. A minimum amount of water in the condensate is recycled to the urea synthesis by taking an expanded gas-liquid mixture from a pressure reduction stage and directly separating the gas and liquid phases in such mixture without the application of heat thereto, thereafter heating the separated liquid phase to vaporize part of the liquid therein, and subjecting the resultant gas-mixture to separation, and condensing the gas phases obtained from both gas-liquid separations as condensate to be recycled to urea synthesis.

Abstract: A process for recovering ammonium sulphate from an aqueous ammonium sulphate solution containing organic contaminants is disclosed. The aqueous solution is contacted with an organic substance which is water soluble and which is capable, in combination with a saturated ammonium sulphate solution, of forming a two-layer system. The organic substance is selected from the group consisting of lactames of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. The resultant two layers may be separated into an aqueous phase containing the ammonium sulphate, and an organic phase containing the organic substance and the organic contaminants. Typical organic contaminants include acrylonitrile prepared from propylene, methyl methacrylate prepared from acetone cyandihydrin, and methyl methacrylate prepared from acrylonitrile. The ammonium sulphate is readily crystallized from the aqueous phase.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of urea at a high temperature and pressure whereby the quantity of water recycled to the urea-synthesis reactor along with the recycle ammonium carbamate may be reduced. The high pressure aqueous urea solution from the reactor is expanded into two or more ammonium carbamate decomposition stages operating at successively lower pressures. In at least one of the ammonium carbamate decomposition stages the expanded aqueous urea solution is heated in a controlled manner and a first off-gas is separated. The residual aqueous urea solution is again heated and a second off-gas is removed, which off-gas is combined with the first off-gas, condensed and recycled to the urea-synthesis reactor.

Abstract: Lysine is optically resolved by forming a salt with sulphanilic acid and selectively crystallizing one of the antipodes from a supersaturated solution thereof. The salt of lysine and sulphanilic acid is a novel compound.

Abstract: Polyfunctional anionic initiators for the preparation of elastomeric block copolymers are prepared by reacting a monofunctional anionic initiator, such as secondary butyl lithium, with a monovinyl aromatic compound, such as styrene, or a conjugated diene, such as butadiene or isoprene or mixtures thereof to form a polyuric reaction product which in turn, is reacted with a polyvinyl aromatic compound, such as divinyl benzene. The cross-linked reaction product, prior to use, is reacted with styrene or another monovinyl aromatic compound. The resulting polyfunctional anionic initiators are useful in producing elastomeric block co-polymers of the A-B-(A)n type exhibiting good elastomeric properties.

Abstract: Cyclohexanone is recovered in the processing of the reaction product of the oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone by removing water from the reaction product prior to the initial distillation and separation step. Quantities of cyclohexanone that were previously discarded are now removed in a convenient and economical manner.

Abstract: Petroleum resin comprising units of cyclopentadiene, methyl cyclopentadiene or both is reacted at 150.degree.-320.degree.C with an unsaturated fatty acid, such as tall oil fatty acid, in the presence of magnesium oxide or other metal compound for a period of time until a modified resin having a melting point of at least 125.degree.C, preferably 140.degree.-160.degree.C is obtained. The resulting resins are especially useful as binding and thickening agents for printing ink resulting in an ink that dries rapidly and is resistant to rubbing.

Abstract: Process for preparing halogenated rubbery copolymers of ethylene, at least one other .alpha.-alkene, dicyclopentadiene and optionally one or more other polyenes is disclosed, wherein the copolymer is halogenated in the substantially undissolved or solid state with molecular halogen at a temperature of between -30.degree. and +80.degree.C. The halogenated copolymers produced by the process of the present invention may be covulcanized with strongly unsaturated rubbers to yield products which have excellent physical and mechanical properties, with reduced vulcanization times. The vulcanizates are suited for numerous applications including, for instance, car tires.