Abstract: An undulator includes a periodic arrangement of magnets to produce a periodic spatial magnetic field distribution in a magnetic gap defined by the magnets. The undulator further includes a temperature-compensating material selectively arranged to compensate for a temperature-dependent change in the magnetic field of the undulator. The change may be in the strength of the magnetic field, or in the position of the magnetic field centerline. According to one aspect of the invention, the temperature-compensating material is movably arranged, so as to fine tune its compensation effect after it is initially arranged. Alternatively or additionally, the amount of temperature-compensating material may be adjusted to fine tune its compensation effect after it is initially arranged.

Abstract: A magnetic sector for charged particle beam transport that includes a magnetic field profile that achieves a linear dispersion from a collimated beam of charged particles proportional to their mass-energy-to-charge ratio. In one embodiment, the field profile necessary for the linear dispersion is obtained by the use of shaped, highly permeable poles powered by permanent magnets or electromagnetic coils.

Abstract: A magnetic sector for charged particle beam transport that includes a magnetic field profile that achieves a linear dispersion from a collimated beam of charged particles proportional to their mass-energy-to-charge ratio. In one embodiment, the field profile necessary for the linear dispersion is obtained by the use of shaped, highly permeable poles powered by permanent magnets or electromagnetic coils.

Abstract: A magnetic sector for charged particle beam transport that includes a magnetic field profile that achieves a linear dispersion from a collimated beam of charged particles proportional to their mass-energy-to-charge ratio. In one embodiment, the field profile necessary for the linear dispersion is obtained by the use of shaped, highly permeable poles powered by permanent magnets or electromagnetic coils.

Abstract: A multipole beamline magnet (10) includes a plurality of stationary poles (12) formed of ferromagnetic material and one or more permanent magnets (14) that are disposed between the plurality of stationary poles. Each of the permanent magnets supplies magnetomotive force to two adjacent stationary poles, so that the poles produce a magnetic field in a central space (16) defined by the poles. A mechanical axis (18) of the beamline magnet is defined to extend through the central space, perpendicularly to the plane defined by the poles and the magnets. The beamline magnet further includes a linear drive (20) that is adapted to move the permanent magnet(s) perpendicularly to the mechanical axis. Thus constructed, the beamline magnet produces a high-quality field using its stationary poles, and further allows for selective adjustment of the magnetic field strength and the magnetic centerline by collectively or selectively moving the permanent magnets.

Abstract: A multipole beamline magnet (10) includes a plurality of stationary poles (12) formed of ferromagnetic material and one or more permanent magnets (14) that are disposed between the plurality of stationary poles. Each of the permanent magnets supplies magnetomotive force to two adjacent stationary poles, so that the poles produce a magnetic field in a central space (16) defined by the poles. A mechanical axis (18) of the beamline magnet is defined to extend through the central space, perpendicularly to the plane defined by the poles and the magnets. The beamline magnet further includes a linear drive (20) that is adapted to move the permanent magnet(s) perpendicularly to the mechanical axis. Thus constructed, the beamline magnet produces a high-quality field using its stationary poles, and further allows for selective adjustment of the magnetic field strength and the magnetic centerline by collectively or selectively moving the permanent magnets.

Abstract: A magnetic sector for charged particle beam transport that includes a magnetic field profile that achieves a linear dispersion from a collimated beam of charged particles proportional to their mass-energy-to-charge ratio. In one embodiment, the field profile necessary for the linear dispersion is obtained by the use of shaped, highly permeable poles powered by permanent magnets or electromagnetic coils.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for exchanging energy between relativistic charged particles and laser radiation using inverse diffraction radiation or inverse transition radiation. The beam of laser light is directed onto a particle beam by means of two optical elements which have apertures or foils through which the particle beam passes. The two apertures or foils are spaced by a predetermined distance of separation and the angle of interaction between the laser beam and the particle beam is set at a specific angle. The separation and angle are a function of the wavelength of the laser light and the relativistic energy of the particle beam. In a diffraction embodiment, the interaction between the laser and particle beams is determined by the diffraction effect due to the apertures in the optical elements. In a transition embodiment, the interaction between the laser and particle beams is determined by the transition effect due to pieces of foil placed in the particle beam path.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for exchanging energy between relativistic charged particles and laser radiation using inverse diffraction radiation or inverse transition radiation. The beam of laser light is directed onto a particle beam by means of two optical elements which have apertures or foils through which the particle beam passes. The two apertures or foils are spaced by a predetermined distance of separation and the angle of interaction between the laser beam and the particle beam is set at a specific angle. The separation and angle are a function of the wavelength of the laser light and the relativistic energy of the particle beam. In a diffraction embodiment, the interaction between the laser and particle beams is determined by the diffraction effect due to the apertures in the optical elements. In a transition embodiment, the interaction between the laser and particle beams is determined by the transition effect due to pieces of foil placed in the particle beam path.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting diffraction radiation from a charged particle beam in order to measure parameters that characterize the charged particle beam. The charged particle beam passes near one or more edges, apertures, or interfaces between media of different dielectric constants such that the beam is not intercepted. This generates forward diffraction radiation and reflected diffraction radiation at an angle relative to the direction of the beam. The radiation passes through a focusing system and onto a detector which measures a desired parameter.

Abstract: A transverse flow uniform droplet generator and method for its use. The droplet generator, such as is used with a gas laser system, produces singlet oxygen from a flow of droplets of liquid basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) reacting with a transverse a flow of He/Cl.sub.2 gas mixture. The resulting flow of singlet oxygen travels in the same direction as the He/Cl.sub.2 gas mixture and the unreacted BHP is collected on the opposite of the reaction volume from which it enters. Very uniformly-size BEP droplets are formed by an injector which specific mechanical resonance characteristics and the flow of the BHP and the gas mixture in the generator volume is also carefully controlled.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for independently adjusting the spacing between opposing magnet arrays in charged particle based light sources. Adjustment mechanisms between each of the magnet arrays and the supporting structure allow the gap between the two magnet arrays to be independently adjusted. In addition, spherical bearings in the linkages to the magnet arrays permit the transverse angular orientation of the magnet arrays to also be adjusted. The opposing magnet arrays can be supported above the ground by the structural support.