Abstract: A color developer pigment for carbonless copying papers based on acid-activated smectitic layered silicates, wherein a phenolic resin is condensed on the acid-activated layered silicate. The invention also concerns a coating composition based on the color developer pigment as well as a copying paper containing the color developer pigment.

Abstract: A process for the production of an aluminum oxide composition which includes subjecting an aluminoxane with a basic structural element of —Al—O—Al— or a basic oligomeric structural element of —Al—O—Al—O—Al—O—Al— to mild hydrolysis with at least one inert gas moistened below its dew point to produce a composition and subjecting the composition to thermolysis at temperatures from about 300 to about 900° C.

Abstract: A supplementing agent for mineral binder systems is disclosed, especially for the construction industry, containing at least 1 finely divided, swellable layer silicate and possible at least 1 other additive, the proportion of the swellable layer silicate being more than 60 wt. % and the swelling volume of the layer silicate being around 5-50 ml, in terms of a suspension of 2 g layer silicate in 100 ml water.

Abstract: An adsorbent is described based on an inorganic support material with exchangeable mono- and divalent cations, characterized by the fact that the specific surface of the support material is >100 m.sup.2 /g, its cation exchange capacity is>30 mg-equiv/100 g, its pore volume is>0.15 m/g, the pH value of an aqueous suspension of 8 g of support material in 100 mL of H.sub.2 O is<7.5 and that at least 60, preferably at least 70% of the exchangeable mono- and/or divalent cations are exchanged by cations acting as Lewis acids, preferably Al.sup.3 + cations.

Abstract: A process is described for activation of layered silicates having an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of at least 25 meq/g by treating them with an acid, characterized in that the layered silicate is activated with about 1 to 10% by weight (based on the dry layered silicate) of an acid at a temperature of not more than 80.degree. C. and the activated layered silicate is calcined at temperatures of about 200.degree. to 400.degree. C. and comminuted desired.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst for conversion of carbon monoxide with steam into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen-rich synthesis gases. The conversion can be done at temperatures above roughly 300.degree. C. In addition, a chromium-free catalyst for the aforementioned purpose is described which contains the following in "application form:"(a) 30-98% by weight iron oxide, computed as Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 ;(b) 0.1-20% by weight copper oxide, computed as CuO;(c) 0.1-20% by weight of an oxide of the rare earth levels computed as Me.sub.2 O.sub.3 (in which Me is a rare earth metal) and/or zirconium oxide, computed as ZrO.sub.2 ;(d) 0.1-30% by weight of at least one oxide of one or several other base metals with an ionic radius from 50 to 72 pm (other than chromium)(e) 0-0.1% by weight of at least one oxide of one or several precious metals from the platinum group;(f) 0-30% by weight barium oxide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the ecological usage of acid effluents. Also disclosed is a sorption agent which is characterized in that an acid effluent, created from the production of fullers earth which contains as main ingredients Fe.sup.2+/3+ -, Al.sup.3+ -, Ca.sup.2+ - and Mg.sup.2+ cations and inorganic anions, is reacted with an alkali silicate. The resultant precipitate is separated in an aqueous phase and, when necessary, purified and dried. The sorption agent can be used for the bleaching of oils or for the removal of soaps, phospholipids and heavy metals from oils, specifically edible oils.

Abstract: A process for producing sorbents based on smectites for absorbing liquids is described. This process is characterized in thata) a smectite with a water content of less than 6% by weight;b) a wet mass of fibrous cellulose and inorganic pigments which forms in the treatment of waste water from paper manufacture; andc) anhydrous calcium sulfate (anhydrite) or calcium sulfate hemihydrateare mixed with one another, compressed and crushed. The quantitative ratio between the smectite (a), the wet mass (b) and calcium sulfate (c) are selected such that the water content (free water) of the granular material is less than 20% by weight.

Abstract: A thickening agent which is based on at least one synthetic phyllosilicate which contains at least one additive from the group of organic phosphorus compounds comprising the following:a) phosphonic acids with formula ##STR1## b) phosphinic acids with formula ##STR2## c) thiophosphinic acids with formula ##STR3## d) diesters of phosphorous acid with formula HO--P(OR).sub.2 e) diesters of phosphoric acid with formula ##STR4## f) diphosphonic acid with formula ##STR5## in which R is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group with 1 to 22 C atoms or an aryl or hydroxyaryl group with 6 to 12 C atoms and R' is an alkylene group with 2 to 22 C atoms.

Abstract: A detergent additive for commercial detergents (softener agents) that contain fabric softeners is described. This additive is based on agglomerates of a smectic laminar silicate coated with divided particles. This detergent additive is characterized in that the agglomerates are at least partially coated with particles of a cation exchanger that will pass through a screen with a mesh of about 45 .mu.m and have an average particle size of less than about 10 .mu.m, where the amount of cation exchanger particles is about 2 to 30 wt % (based on the dry weight of the uncoated agglomerates). This detergent additive may be used in the conventional detergent formulations.

Abstract: A process for the production of sorbents based on bentonite for the uptake of liquids is described. The process is characterized in that a poorly swelling bentonite with a water uptake capacity of less than 100% (in terms of the dried bentonite with a residual water content of 6 wt. %), a montmorillonite content of around 40-65 wt. % and a water content of 20-40 wt. % is homogenized with a basic-reacting alkaline metal compound by thorough kneading and converted by ion exchange to a swelling bentonite, while the pH value of the mixture is not more than 10.5, the mixture is gently dried, and the dried mixture is fragmented.

Abstract: The invention describes a chromium-free catalyst for hydrogenation of organic compounds, especially organic compounds containing the carbonyl function, such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids or their esters, to the corresponding alcohols wherein the catalysts is characterized by the following features:its oxide form corresponds to the compositionCu.sub.a Al.sub.b Zr.sub.c Mn.sub.d O.sub.xwherein the following relations apply:for the first embodiment:a>O; b>O; c.gtoreq.O; d>O; a>b/2; b>a/4; a>c; a>d;and for the second embodiment:a>O; b=a/40 to a/4; c.gtoreq.O; d>O; a>c; a=0.5 d to 0.95 dand x is the number of oxygen ions needed per formula unit for electrical neutrality.

Abstract: A catalyst for the hydrogenation of carboxylic acid alkyl esters to higher alcohols which in the oxide form comprises a chemical composition represented by the formulaCuZn.sub.0.5-2 Mn.sub.0.01-0.5 O.sub.xwherein x is the number of oxygen atoms needed per formula unit for electrical neutrality.

Abstract: Process for the treatment of liquids consisting mainly of methanol as fuels for mobile or stationary combustion engines or as hydrogen sources for fuel cells, which comprises passing the methanol mixture through a reaction chamber containing a noble metal supported catalyst for the catalytic decomposition or steam reforming of methanol, which is composed of: (A) a noble metal component of one or more elements of Group VIII of the Periodic Table on a carrier material which comprises, (B.sub.1) TiO.sub.2 or CeO.sub.2, singly or in admixture with other refractory metallic oxides and/or binders, or (B.sub.2) TiO.sub.2 or CeO.sub.2, applied to the surface of a preformed refractory carrier.

Abstract: A removable frame for reduction of axle loads for heavy vehicles is disclosed herein. The frame includes a pair of lever arms pivoted to each other at one end with adjustable biasing means between the free ends of the lever arms. One of the lever arms has at least one wheel supported thereon while the other arm is rotatably connected to a support member adapted to be attached to a vehicle frame. A centering mechanism normally maintains the lever arm in a predetermined position on the support member and accommodates rotation with respect to each other.

Abstract: Process for the two-stage decomposition of hemi-celluloses of xylan-containing natural products for the purpose of obtaining xylose and xylitol where the starting material is treated in the first stage with a basic medium and the obtained solid residue is subjected in a subsequent stage to an acid treatment wherein the alkaline and acid stages are carried out in a single reaction vessel.

Abstract: Concentrated sulfuric acid and/or oleum is prepared by the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide using a gas containing water vapor, SO.sub.2 and oxygen. The catalytic oxidation is carried out in two stages. After the first stage an intermediate cooling of the reaction gas, and absorption of the water vapor content and an intermediate absorption of the sulfur trioxide formed in the first stage are performed. In the second stage the unreacted SO.sub.2 is catalytically oxidized to SO.sub.3 in the absence of water vapor, this SO.sub.3 being absorbed in sulfuric acid. An apparatus for carrying out the process is disclosed including a primary catalysis stage, means for the intermediate cooling of the reaction gas, means for the removal of the water vapor content, means for the intermediate absorption of the SO.sub.2 of the first stage, a secondary stage for the catalytic oxidation of the unreacted sulfur dioxide in the absence of water and an end absorption unit for SO.sub.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of xylose solutions from oat husks which comprises:A. hydrolyzing oat husks with a solution of alkali metal hydroxide to provide oat husks from which the chemically bound acetic acid originally present therein has been substantially completely removed, and a solution of acetic acid, provided, that a quantity of not less than one mole, and not more than two moles, of said solution of alkali metal hydroxide is used per mole of acetic acid originally present in the oat husks;B. recovering the oat husks from which the chemically bound acetic acid has been substantially removed; andC. hydrolyzing the oat husks of step (b) with a mineral acid to provide a solid residue containing lignin and an acidic solution of D-(+)-xylose.

Abstract: Xylitol which is useful as a sugar substitute is produced from xylan containing natural products by: acid hydrolyzing xylan to xylose; concentrating the hydrolysis solution to remove acetic acid by-product; diluting with water; adjusting the pH to about 6.5 to about 7.5; catalytically hydrogenating the xylose to xylitol under pressure; and recovering xylitol by extraction.

Abstract: A removable frame for reduction of axle loads for heavy vehicles is disclosed herein. The frame includes a pair of lever arms pivoted to each other at one end with adjustable biasing means between the free ends of the lever arms. One of the lever arms has at least one wheel supported thereon while the other arm is rotatably connected to a support member adapted to be attached to a vehicle frame. A centering mechanism normally maintains the lever arm in a predetermined position on the support member and accommodates rotation with respect to each other.