Abstract: An electrical control system for controlling the electrical voltage applied to each of multiple pixel electrodes on one side of an electrophoretic display comprises (1) a substrate having a plurality of spaced parallel aluminum conductors on one side of the substrate; (2) a thin oxide layer on spaced pixel regions of each of the aluminum conductors to form a gate insulator over each of the spaced pixel regions; (3) a field-effect transistor (FET) formed on the thin oxide layer in each of the spaced pixel regions, the FET having a source terminal, a drain terminal, and a gate connected to the aluminum conductor on which the FET is formed; and (4) a CMOS controller connected directly to each of the aluminum conductors and adapted to supply gate control signals for the FETs. The controller supplies a separate gate control signal for each of the aluminum conductors.