Abstract: A flavored oral composition contains thaumatin or monellin at a flavor potentiating level, which level is below the sweetness threshold of thaumatin or monellin respectively in the composition; a flavoring composition comprises a solution or dispersion of a flavoring agent in a carrier therefor, and also contains thaumatin or monellin at a flavor potentiating level, which level is below the level required to provide sweetness in a substrate when the flavoring composition is added thereto in a flavoring amount; a method of potentiating and extending the flavor of an oral composition comprises adding thereto thaumatin or monellin at a flavor-potentiating level below the sweetness threshold of thaumatin or monellin respectively.

Abstract: Glucose or other substrate is converted to ethanol using immobilized bacterial cells under conditions which prevent growth of the cells.

Abstract: A use in human therapy (viz as an active ingredient for inhibiting tooth decay, for reducing acidogenesis by mouth flora, and for reducing adhesion to dental surfaces of mouth flora and reducing plaque formation on dental surfaces) has been found for chlorodeoxysucrose derivatives of the general formula ##STR1## (wherein: R.sup.4.alpha. is a hydroxy group and R.sup.4.beta. is a hydrogen atom, or, one of R.sup.4.alpha. and R.sup.4.beta. is a hydrogen atom and the other is a chlorine atom; R.sup.6 is a hydroxy group or, if at least one of R.sup.4.alpha., R.sup.4.beta. or R.sup.1 is a chlorine atom, then it is a hydroxy group or a chlorine atom; R.sup.1' is a hydroxy group or a chlorine atom; and R.sup.6' is a hydroxy group, or if at least one of R.sup.4.alpha., R.sup.4.beta. or R.sup.1 is a chlorine atom, then it is a hydroxy group or a chlorine atom).

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose (TGS) comprising the steps of:(a) reacting sucrose with an acylating reagent under conditions to provide a mixture of acylated sucrose derivatives containing a major proportion of 6-monoacylated material;(b) optionally separating 6-monoacylated sucrose derivative from other acylated derivatives before step (c);(c) reacting the monoacylated sucrose derivative with a chlorinating reagent capable of chlorinating at positions 1', 4 and 6' of a sucrose 6- acylate; and(d) deacylating and separating (in either order) the 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose material formed.

Abstract: Indican, a polysaccharide comprising (1.fwdarw.3) glucose, (1.fwdarw.4) mannose, (1.fwdarw.4) rhamnose and (1.fwdarw.3 or 4) -0-(1-carboxyethyl)rhamnose units in a molar ratio of about 2:1:1-2:1 respectively; containing 12-15% by weight acetyl units [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20 about -61.degree.; having principle absorption bands in the infra red band at 3390, 1735, 1615, 1375, 1250 and 1050 cm.sup.-1 ; a solubility of at least 1% by weight in methanol and in ethylene glycol, and an inherent viscosity of about 33.5 dl/g. has useful thixotropic properties and provides a method of modifying the viscosity of a liquid by incorporating indican therein. The liquid may be aqueous or organic solvent-based. Thickened and stabilised products are also provided.

Abstract: 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose is prepared by a process including the steps of:(a) isomerizing 2,3,4,3',4'-penta-O-acetyl sucrose to 2,3,6,3',4'-penta-O-acetyl sucrose;(b) chlorinating the isomerized acetate at the 4,1' and 6'-positions; and(c) deacetylating the resulting chlorinated product; the isomerization step (a) being effected by treating a solution of 2,3,4,3',4'-penta-O-acetyl sucrose in an inert solvent with a weak acid at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: Isomaltulose is produced by a process in which at least the isomaltulose-forming enzyme system of an isomaltulose-forming micro-organism genus Erwinia is immobilized on calcium alginate gel and then the immobilized enzyme system is contacted with a sucrose solution to convert at least part of the sucrose to isomaltulose.

Abstract: Crystalline 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galactosucrose exists as the orthorhombic anhydrous form and as the pentahydrate, both of which are more stable than amorphous TGS. Crystals are obtained from seeded aqueous solutions, above 38.degree. C. for the anhydrate; below 38.degree. C. for the pentahydrate.

Abstract: Indican, a polysaccharide comprising (1.fwdarw.3) glucose, (1.fwdarw.4) mannose, (1.fwdarw.4) rhamnose and (1.fwdarw.3 or 4) -0-(1-carboxyethyl)-rhamnose units in a molar ratio of about 2:1:1-2:1 respectively; containing 12-15% by weight acetyl units; [.alpha.]D.sup.20 about -61.degree.; having principle absorption bands in the infra red band at 3390, 1735, 1615, 1375, 1250 and 1050 cm.sup.-1 ; a solubility of at least 1% by weight in methanol and in ethylene glycol, and an inherent viscosity of about 33.5 dl/g. has useful thixotropic properties and provides a method of modifying the viscosity of a liquid by incorporating indican therein. The liquid may be aqueous or organic solvent-based. Thickened and stabilized products and a method of preparing indican by culture of an indican-producing microorganism are also provided.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a chlorodeoxy derivative of a reducing aldose having a primary hydroxy group in an exocyclic -CH.sub.2 OH group, in which the said primary hydroxy group is replaced by a chlorine atom to give a chlorodeoxy reducing sugar with a free anomeric center, characterized in that the free reducing sugar is reacted with a reagent comprising an N,N-dialkyl (methaniminium) chloride obtained by reacting an N,N-dialkyl formamide with a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: Xanthan gum is recovered from an aqueous fermented broth containing the gum by adding to the broth a sub-precipitant amount of organic solvent such an isopropanol, removing solids from the broth at 100.degree. C. or more, eg. by filtration, and precipitating the gum by addition of more organic solvent. Heat degradation of the gum during the solids removal is thereby lessened.

Abstract: Mono and di-esters of sucrose with long-chain fatty acids are prepared by reacting sucrose with an alkenyl ester of the fatty acid in a polar aprotic solvent under substantially water-free conditions.

Abstract: A tobacco-containing smoking article contains the sweet protein thaumatin and/or the sweet protein monellin at a location in the interior, whereby smoke passed to the mouth contacts the thaumatin and/or monellin. The protein is preferably out of contact with the mouth of the smoker.

Abstract: The process for the preparation of a surfactant mixture containing sucrose mono- and di-esters, by reacting a starting mixture including solid particulate sucrose, at least one triglyceride of a fatty acid having at least 8 carbon atoms and a basic transesterification catalyst, at a temperature of from 110.degree. to 140.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of any solvent, is improved by using a starting mixture which:(a) contains a di and/or mono-glyceride in an amount to provide a hydroxyl value of greater than 500 mg KOH/100g of starting mixture;(b) contains at least 10% by weight of a fatty acid soap in addition to the basic transesterification catalyst, at least 50% by weight of the soap being potassium soap, and(c) (when the soap content is less than 20% by weight) contains at least 25% by weight of sucrose.The improved process gives good yields in much shorter reaction times and the products have high HLB values.

Abstract: A new chlorinated sucrose derivative, 2,6,1',6'-tetrachloro-2,6,1',6'-tetradeoxy-mannosucrose, is used as a bittering agent, e.g. to replace quinine sulphate, in ingestible compositions such as Indian tonic water, and in non-ingestible compositions.

Abstract: A heat-stable sweetening composition containing a peptide sweetener such as thaumatin is obtained by mixing the sweetener with gelatin at a weight ratio of gelatin to sweetener of less than 100:1. Solid forms can be prepared by drying a co-solution of the sweetener and gelatin in water, preferably containing an edible acid.

Abstract: Novel sugar acetals such as those of formula ##STR1## where R.sup.a is hydrocarbyl; R.sup.b and R.sup.c are hydrogen or hydrocarbyl; R.sup.3' R.sup.4' and R.sup.6' are hydrogen or R.sup.4' with R.sup.3' or R.sup.6' is ##STR2## are made from 1,4-linked reducing disaccharides by a new exchange acetalation process in which the solvent is omitted. The sugar acetals have free hydroxy groups on the ring which groups can be converted to other substituents, e.g. chlorodeoxy or fatty acid acyl. After deprotection, the corresponding derivative of the initial disaccharide is obtained.

Abstract: Gramophone records are prepared from a vinyl polymer composition containing a fatty acid soap of an alkaline earth metal or zinc, sugar or polyol fatty acid esters and fatty acid mixed glycerides and is free of heavy metal ions.

Abstract: A polyvinyl chloride composition for use in extrusion moulding contains an alkaline earth metal or zinc soap of one or more fatty acids having an iodine value of from 20-60 as the only stabilizer, a lubricant and is lead-free.

Abstract: A process for preparing a polymer solution for use in "polymer based" oil recovery comprises adding to water the polymer in the form of an aqueous solution, a dry particulate solid or a suspension in a non-aqueous liquid, and also adding a complexing agent for multivalent ions and, where the solution so formed does not already contain an alkali metal salt, subsequently incorporating therein an alkali metal salt. The polymer may be a substantially cell-free microbial polysaccharide gum, a polyacrylamide or a cellulose derivative.