Abstract: A method of sweetening a substance comprises incorporating therein a mono- or poly- chloro, mono- or poly- deoxy sucrose derivative having chlorine atoms in selected combinations of positions 4,6,1'- and 6'- of the sucrose molecule. The compounds are many times sweeter than sucrose and are formulated as ingestible products, such as foodstuffs and beverages; oral compositions, such as toothpaste and chewing gum; or sweetening compositions, such as tablets, for addition to beverages, etc.

Abstract: An immobilized enzyme product is produced by contacting an inert particulate support with an aqueous enzyme solution containing preferably at least 25% dissolved solids and with a water miscible organic solvent, and crosslinking the enzyme to insolubilize the enzyme on the support as a gel containing 50-90% water. The water miscible organic solvent is in substantial excess of the amount of water mixed with the support in the process. The solvent may be contacted with the support before or after contacting with the enzyme solution. The resultant immobilized enzyme product has a bulk volume 5 to 300% greater than the bulk volume of the support material. A least a portion of the gel is external to the support and constitutes at least 3% by volume of the immobilized enzyme product.

Abstract: Surface irrigation apparatus comprises a carriage movable along an irrigation canal. A dam is supported by the carriage in such a way that water flowing along the canal is incident upon the dam and is checked thereby and the carriage is pushed along the canal in the direction of flow. The carriage is provided with means for arresting its movement at desired positions along the canal. Preferably, the arresting means comprises on the carriage one or more arms which are releaseably engageable with stops on the canal although the arresting means could take the form of one or more brakes operated in accordance with the position of the carriage. The carriage also has means, such as syphon tubes, for transferring water from the canal to land to be irrigated.

Abstract: Hydrolyzed corn or other starch is clarified by a process which comprises forming in the syrup at a pH of 3.5 to 6.5 a primary floc formed between aluminum ions, hydroxide ions, and phosphate ions; aerating the syrup containing the primary floc; distributing an anionic organic polymeric flocculant through the aerated syrup to initiate the formation of a secondary floc; allowing the secondary floc to grow, and to segregate by flotation; and separating flocculated solids from clarified syrup.

Abstract: A product comprising a mixture of .alpha.- and .beta.- forms of glucose as microcrystals, at least 70% of the glucose being in the form of the .beta.-isomer, dissolves readily in water to give approximately 60% solids solutions at ambient temperature. It is obtained by a process comprising the steps of(1) evaporating water from syrup at a pressure of less than 400 mm Hg to provide an at least 60% supersaturated solution of greater than 95% solids at a temperature of from 95.degree. to 140.degree. C.;(2) subjecting the supersaturated solution substantially instantaneously to a shear force to cause immediate nucleation of the syrup without cooling; and(3) immediately forming the nucleated but substantially uncrystallized syrup into a quiescent layer and allowing the layer to crystallize substantially isothermally to produce solid crystalline glucose.

Abstract: A polysaccharide processing useful flow and gel-forming properties is prepared by cultivation of Pseudomonas sp NCIB 11264 (ATCC 31260). The polysaccharide, which readily can be produced in up to 75% yield by continuous culture, possesses properties which are similar to those of xanthan and other gums.

Abstract: Hydroxyapatite suitable for incorporation as a synthetic bone ash in a "bone" china body is produced by continuously contacting a stream of a slurry of hydrated lime with a stream of at least about 60% by weight phosphoric acid at an approximately stoichiometric ratio of 10 Ca(OH).sub.2 to 6 H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 and a temperature of from about 80.degree. to about 85.degree. C. at a controlled reaction mixture of pH of from about 9.0 to about 11.0 and then calcining at a temperature of at least 1,000.degree. C.

Abstract: The solution viscosity of a polysaccharide, microbial alginate, produced by culturing strains of Azotobacter vinelandii, is controlled by addition of a protease to the culture broth. The protease can be added during the culture, to obtain a polysaccharide of increased viscosity. Alternatively or additionally protease can also be added after culture but before the polysaccharide is isolated from the broth, for example, to prevent reduction of viscosity during storage. Neutral and alkaline proteases having activity at around pH 7 are particularly suitable.

Abstract: A sweetening composition containing at least one sweetener selected from a protein sweetener and saccharin, together with arabinogalactan, the ratio by weight of arabinogalactan to saccharin not exceeding 1:1 when saccharin is used as the only sweetener possesses enhanced sweetening properties as compared with a composition containing no sweetness modifier; the sweetness profile is more rounded and unpleasant after-tastes are minimized.

Abstract: A male fertility-inhibiting composition in unit dosage form, contains as an active ingredient a 6-chlorodeoxy-saccharide containing a pyranose or furanose ring of the formula ##STR1## where A represents the remainder of the pyranose or furanose ring, and has the formula C.sub.4 H.sub.7 O.sub.4 X (where X represents a hydrogen atom or another pyranose or furanose ring) in association with a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient. The saccharide preferably contains a pyranose ring or furanose ring of the formula ##STR2## Also a method of controlling fertility in men or male animals comprises administering thereto a 6-chlorodeoxy-saccharide as defined above.

Abstract: Polysaccharide is produced in high yields by continuous culture of a polysaccharide-producing strain of Azotobacter vinelandii under phosphate-limited conditions, preferably with restricted oxygen uptake.

Abstract: 6,6'-Dichloro-6,6'-dideoxysucrose is obtained directly in high yield by reacting sucrose with methanesulphonyl chloride in N,N-dimethylformamide. 1',6,6'-Trichloro-1',6,6'-trideoxysucrose is obtained as a by-product and its formation can be suppressed by starting the reaction at -40.degree. C to -15.degree. C. The dichlorodideoxy and trichloro-trideoxy compounds, which are useful as intermediates for preparing other sucrose derivates, are most conveniently isolated from the reaction mixture in the form of their hexa-acetate and penta-acetate respectively, which are then deacetylated to give the free compounds.

Abstract: Polysaccharide is produced in good yields with good control by continuous culture of a polysaccharide-producing strain of Azotobacter vinelandii under carbon-limited conditions, preferably with restricted oxygen uptake, with the advantage that the effluents produced are non-polluting having a low biological oxygen demand (B.O.D.).

Abstract: A soap-free sucrose ester-containing surfactant is obtained by transesterifying sucrose with at least one fatty acid triglyceride to produce a solid material containing sucrose esters, glycerides and fatty acid soaps, and treating this material with a solution of a metal salt in water or an alkanol to produce a second solid material and separating the soap-free product containing sucrose esters by dissolving the esters present in an alkanol and evaporating the alkanolic solution to dryness. Glycerides are removed, where desired, by extracting with an organic solvent.

Abstract: A sweetening composition containing at least one sweetener selected from a protein sweetener, and saccharin, together with a sweetness modifier comprising an aldohexuronic acid or a salt, amide or lactone thereof possesses enhanced sweetening properties as compared with a composition containing no sweetness modifier; the sweetness profile is more rounded and unpleasant aftertastes are minimized.

Abstract: Monosaccharides and disaccharides in which one or more of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by a p-vinylbenzoyloxy group are provided as new compounds. These may be copolymerized with such monomers as styrene or methyl methacrylate to provide novel copolymers.

Abstract: An icing composition which can be stored and which is ready for use comprises a mixture obtained by admixture of a first component comprising powdered sucrose optionally together with one or more other sugars of lower molecular weight in powder or syrup form, and a second component comprising an aqueous gel of xanthan gum containing up to 10% dry weight of xanthan gum, said mixture containing at least 82% by weight of sugar or sugars; the icing composition containing from 6.0 to 10.5% by weight of water and from 0.15 to 0.7% by weight of dry xanthan gum.

Abstract: A surface active material is prepared by reacting solid particulate sucrose with at least one alkyl ester of a fatty acid in the presence of a basic trans-esterification catalyst, at a temperature from 110.degree. to 140.degree. C, at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of any solvent. The reaction product may be purified by conversion of fatty acids and salts thereof into soaps, extracting the water-insoluble material with a ketone or ester solvent and extracting the residue with an alcohol.

Abstract: A sweet substance is obtained from the fruit of Thaumatococcus daniellii by extraction with an aqueous aluminum salt. The extract is purified by ion-exchange techniques and ultra-filtration. The substance extracted is an aluminum adduct of thaumatin. The extract is sweeter and more stable than other aqueous extracts and swelling of the fruit is minimized.

Abstract: Two sucrose hepta-acetates, useful as synthetic intermediates in the preparation of functional sucrose derivatives, are obtained by tritylating sucrose, acetylating the resulting mixture of monotritylsucroses, and detritylating the resulting mixture of monotritylsucrose hepta-acetates. The previously known compound, 1',2,3,3',4,4',6-hepta-O-acetylsucrose, can be recovered by crystallization from the solution obtained in the detritylation step. When the remaining solution is subjected to retritylation and chromatography, it yields a new compound, 1',2,3,3',4',6,6'-hepta-O-acetylsucrose.