Abstract: A method for manufacturing a thermal sensor, the method may include forming, using ion etching, one or more first holes that pass through (a) an initial layer, (a) a first oxide layer, (c) a first semiconductor substrate; filling the one or more first holes with oxide to form supporting elements; fabricating one or more thermal semiconductor sensing elements; forming one or more second holes in the one or more upper layers and the first oxide layer; applying an isotropic etching process to remove the first semiconductor substrate and expose the supporting elements to provide a suspended first oxide layer.

Abstract: A gas sensing device that includes a (a) gas reactive element that has a gas dependent temperature parameter; and (b) a semiconductor temperature sensing element that is spaced apart from the gas reactive element and is configured to sense radiation emitted from the gas reactive element and generate detection signals that are responsive to a temperature of the gas reactive element; wherein the gas reactive element and the semiconductor temperature sensing element are of microscopic scale.

Abstract: A receiver that may include a receiver front end arranged to receive (a) a received signal, (b) a reference signal generated by a local oscillator laser, and to output a first intermediate signal; a carrier phase estimator that is arranged to receive the first intermediate signal and to generate a phase estimation signal that represents a phase difference between the received signal and the reference signal; wherein the carrier phase estimator comprises a multi-symbol-differential-detection module and a carrier phase demodulator; and an output circuit arranged to receive the phase estimation signal and to apply a slicing operation to provide an output signal of the carrier phase estimator.

Abstract: There are provided methods and compositions useful in cell-cell fusion using Fusion Family (FF) proteins of nematode origin. There are further provided antinematodal methods and compositions, utilizing fusogenic proteins of the nematode Fusion Family.