Abstract: A contactless system is described in which multiple execution environments may be coupled to a near field communication (NFC) controller, wherein each execution environment is configured to communicate with remote readers via the NFC controller using an assigned one of a plurality of communication protocols. During a polling session from a proximate reader, responding to a request command using a requested communication protocol and activating one of the plurality of execution environments assigned to the requested communication protocol to use the NFC controller. An arbitration is performed in response to each polling session such that a same combination of communication protocol and execution environment is not activated for adjacent polling sessions.

Abstract: A method of configuring a switch-network to implement programmable gain devices such as Programmable Gain Amplifiers (PGAs). The method provides high-accuracy and low-distortion with small area requirements and less sensitivity to process and temperature variations when compared with traditional programmable gain architectures where the gain is determined by a ratio between one or more fixed resistors and one or more programmable resistors.

Abstract: A multiplier circuit multiplies a reference voltage to increase the level of the reference voltage. A feedback circuit of the multiplier circuit stabilize the multiplier circuit such that a feedback voltage of said feedback circuit tends to equalize the reference voltage. The feedback circuit is free from capacitance which would unstabilize the feedback circuit. A voltage divider outside of the feedback circuit reduces the multiplied voltage of the multiplier circuit.

Abstract: A sensor (1400) with radiation detectors (1421-1422) with two or more bolometer or photoconductor elements and bias polarity switching of one element to emulate mechanical chopping of input radiation. This electronic chopping permits higher chopping frequencies than mechanical chopping for bolometers because the scene settling time does not limit electronic chopping. The detectors may be within a single vacuum integrated circuit package with separate narrow passband filters for chemical spectral analysis.