Abstract: The present invention provides a high density bale of shredded pulp. The bale contains pulp and additive which are compressed while dry to obtain a bale of 40-65 lb/ft.sup.3 density. Twine or straps secure the bale. Animal feed bales of this invention contain low additive concentrations and low or no sugar content.

Abstract: A process for purifying the raw juice (diffusion juice) obtained from sugar beets replaces the traditional liming and carbonation purification methods with ion exchange softening and chromatographic separation operations.

Abstract: A step-down nozzle for the even distribution of fluids at the interface between phases in a column or cell accommodating a plug flow operation is structured with an internal flow channel of recursive configuration.

Abstract: The flow rates through the individual compartments of the sorbent bed of a simulated moving bed are controlled in accordance with time variable functions in each step to maintain an improved steady state waveform for the process.

Abstract: A manifold system is constructed for evenly distributing a liquid to, and/or evenly collecting a liquid from, a cell of a separator system. The flow paths between the manifold inlet(s) and manifold outlet(s) are all approximately hydraulically identical in numbers, types, and dimensions of flow components, such that: (a) the flow rates to/from each of multiple inlets/outlets is equivalent, even with changes in overall pressure drop or flow rate, and (b) the time required for liquid to traverse each of the manifold flow paths is approximately identical, enabling plug flow through the cell.

Abstract: An equilibrated percent solids waveform is established in a simulated moving bed process. A contraction phase of the waveform is monitored as it rotates through a circulation loop including a plurality of resin bed compartments. The contraction phase is followed by a desorbent phase. A slurry of resin is added to each compartment between the contraction and desorbent phases.

Abstract: The direction of circulating fluid flow in a closed loop simulated moving bed process is periodically reversed within a selected portion of the bed while maintaining normal flow throughout the remainder of the loop. Each selected portion is contained within a discrete vessel, and at preselected times, flow is reversed in each vessel in turn so that during a complete cycle of the process the entire bed is backwashed for an interval sufficient to avoid compaction.

Abstract: A process for producing highly concentrated syrups by enzyme treatment of impure starch flour containing beta-glucans. High protein meal and cereal germ oils are recoverable as by-products. The impure starch source is ground into flour and slurried with water. Beta-glucanase enzyme is then added and allowed to react. The reacted slurry is treated with alpha-amylase enzyme and is again allowed to react. The solids and cereal germ oils are separated from the aqueous solution and processed into useful by-products. The aqueous solution is then saccharified into a high dextrose solution by the addition of glucoamylase enzyme. The saccharified mixture is filtered, purified and its pH is adjusted to 8.5 with active MgO before isomerization into a high fructose sweetener by conventional means.

Abstract: A simulated moving bed process divides the bed into separate zones, each of which includes one or more discrete vessels. The zones correspond to the functions of the process; typically sorption, displacement, elution and regeneration. Booster pumps in series with the vessels maintain a desired pressure head for each zone. The functions of each zone are rotated in sequence, the sequence being timed in relation to the migration of the front between adjacent phases in the fluid loop circulating through the zones.

Abstract: A process for producing highly concentrated syrups by enzyme treatment of impure starch flour containing beta-glucans. High protein meal and cereal germ oils are recoverable as by-products. The impure starch source is ground into flour and slurried with water. Beta-glucanase enzyme is then added and allowed to react. The reacted slurry is treated with alpha-amylase enzyme and is again allowed to react. The solids and cereal germ oils are separated from the aqueous solution and processed into useful by-products. The aqueous solution is then saccharified into a high dextrose solution by the addition of glucoamylase enzyme. The saccharified mixture is filtered, purified and its pH is adjusted to 8.5 with active MgO before isomerization into a high fructose sweetener by conventional means.

Abstract: A method for decalcifying raw sugar juice by the addition of active MgO to the final carbonation gassing vessel, carbonating to an alkalinity of about 0.01% CaO equivalent, and then re-alkalizing in a secondary reaction vessel with additional active MgO to an alkalinity of about 0.025% CaO equivalent.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with an ion exchange treating system wherein two or more exchanger or absorber vessels are connected in series, each vessel being filled with ion exchange resin leaving sufficient freeboard to allow for expansion of the medium. Each vessel is provided with an expansion chamber positioned above it and includes a conventional distribution system. The flow of liquids passing through the system is countercurrent with respect to the medium to be treated and the medium which regenerates the ion exchanger or absorber. Generally, the liquid to be treated enters the first vessel at the bottom, exiting from the top, entering the second vessel at the top and exiting therefrom at the bottom.

Abstract: In obtaining calcium saccharate from molasses solution, active CaO, in the form of burned lime, hydrated lime or milk of lime, is added to the solution; the mixture is cooled to below 20.degree. C.; a stream of slurry of finely subdivided lime ground in an inert organic liquid carrier is injected into a stream of the aforesaid mixture; the cold combined stream is passed through a motionless static mixer; and the so-mixed combined stream is filtered to remove precipitated calcium saccharate.

Abstract: Impure sugar solution having a pH of 2 - 6.5 is decolorized by passing the same through a weakly basic anion exchanger having tertiary amine functionality and operated over a hydroxyl form.

Abstract: An increase in the recovery of sugar from a syrup obtained from sugarbeet juice is realized by treating the clarified juice with a cationic exchanger in the ammonium form followed by displacement of the ammonium ions by means of magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide.