Abstract: Anhydrous fatty alcohol sulfuric acid or ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulfuric acid is neutralized with dry sodium carbonate powder in the presence of powdered sodium tripolyphosphate in a high shear mixer. The dry, powdered, neutralized reaction product is stored until required for use in the manufacture of a detergent bar whereupon the powder is mixed with liquid ingredients for the detergent bar and subjected to conventional manufacturing steps for a detergent bar. Other dry, powdered ingredients for the detergent bar may be introduced at the high shear mixer.

Abstract: Alcohol and water are mixed as liquids in a volume ratio of water to alcohol in the range 0.3-1.0 to 1. The liquid mixture is heated in heat exchanging relation with the exhaust conduit of a gasoline operated internal combustion engine, to convert the mixture to a gaseous state which is then combined with a mixture of gasoline and air for introduction into the engine. The water-alcohol mixture is 3-14 vol. % of the gasoline.

Abstract: A first slurry containing alkyl benzene sulfonate is spray-dried to form dry, powdery particles which are introduced into a rotary drum mixer along with dry, powdery particles of other detergent ingredients. The dry, powdery particles are lifted and dropped in the mixer to form a descending curtain into which is sprayed a second slurry containing alpha olefin sulfonate, thereby agglomerating the ingredients into composite particles, each of which contains all the ingredients introduced into the mixer.

Abstract: An additive comprising an anionic organic surface active agent is incorporated into mechanical or thermomechanical pulp at an elevated temperature and pressure. The additive causes dispersion of lignin and retards redeposition of lignin so that the bursting strength of the paper formed from the pulp is improved. The preferred additives are higher molecular weight anionic organic polyelectrolytes or polymers, particularly polymeric sulfonates. Further improvement in bursting strength is achieved by the wet end addition of a cationic organic polyelectrolyte or polymer, with or without starch. Lower molecular weight anionic organic detergents can also be used but should be rinsed from the pulp before forming paper.

Abstract: Waste newsprint is defibered in an aqueous bath to which is added a deinking agent. The resulting slurry or pulp is rinsed, drained and formed into paper sheets. The deinking agent is a C.sub.14 to C.sub.20 alpha olefin sulfonate or a mixture of C.sub.18 alpha olefin sulfonate and a non-ionic detergent, depending upon the conditions of the deinking bath.

Abstract: An organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.

Abstract: A relatively large amount of SO.sub.2 effluent gas from a sulfonation process is converted to SO.sub.3 and recycled back to the sulfonation process as part of the SO.sub.3 sulfonating agent. The rest of the SO.sub.3 used as the sulfonating agent is derived from a sulfur burner located downstream of the sulfonation operation and in the recycle path of the SO.sub.2 in the effluent gas. Hydrocarbons in the effluent gas are converted to CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O in the sulfur burner. The H.sub.2 O and SO.sub.3 are removed from the gas stream at an SO.sub.3 absorber which forms rich oleum from which the SO.sub.3 is subsequently removed for use in the sulfonation operation, leaving lean oleum which is used at the SO.sub.3 absorber to remove H.sub.2 O and SO.sub.3 from the gas stream. Gases leaving the SO.sub.3 absorber include some SO.sub.3 and are passed through an H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 absorber along with water and lean oleum to produce concentrated H.sub.2 SO.sub.4.

Abstract: A liquid containing carbon particles in a predetermined concentration is circulated through a multiplicity of channels in a solar panel to heat the liquid which is then circulated through a heat exchanger. The solar panel is clear and uncolored, and the surfaces of the panel contacting the liquid are wetted with a wetting agent added to the liquid. The carbon particles are also wetted. The liquid is uniformly distributed through all the channels in the panel.

Abstract: A scrubbing system including scrubbers having straight through or direct line gas flow, with steam pretreatment of the gases supplied to the scrubber. The scrubbing solution may be recycled. Where steam is present in the process, the effluent gas is partially recycled to the process upstream of the scrubber to maintain a predetermined level of steam moisture in the gases entering the scrubber.

Abstract: An organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.

Abstract: A method for spray drying an aqueous slurry in a spray drying tower. Hot effluent gases containing steam are divided into two portions. One portion is heated and recycled to the spray drying tower as part of the heated gas stream which dries the slurry. The other portion is condensed and subjected to a contaminant-removal operation such as scrubbing or electrostatic precipitation, under controlled conditions.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided wherein organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.

Abstract: A scrubbing system including scrubbers having straight through or direct line gas flow, with steam pretreatment of the gases supplied to the scrubber. The scrubbing solution may be recycled. Where steam is present in the process, the effluent gas is partially recycled to the process upstream of the scrubber to maintain a predetermined level of steam moisture in the gases entering the scrubber.

Abstract: A sewage pump priming system including a sewage pump disposed above a sump for holding sewage to force sewage from the sump through a sewage discharge conduit, a priming chamber receiving sewage from the sewage discharge conduit to be partially filled with sewage to a level above the sewage pump and the sewage discharge conduit, a vacuum pump communicating with the priming chamber for sucking sewage into the priming chamber to prime the sewage pump and a gas relief conduit providing a passage for gas above the level of sewage in the priming chamber to the sewage discharge conduit at a position downstream of the priming chamber such that the priming chamber is utilized to prime the sewage pump and to remove gas from the sewage pump priming system.