Abstract: An apparatus for contacting fluids combined with solids comprises a cylindrical vessel with a slurry or liquid feed inlet port, a liquid outlet port, a gas inlet port and a gas outlet port. The vessel includes a lower cylindrical baffle which defines a stilling chamber therearound, the main contacting section of the vessel being above the stilling chamber. The lower end of the baffle extends below the liquid outlet port which discharges liquid from the stilling chamber. A cylindrical member is disposed in the cylindrical vessel inwardly of the stilling chamber. It has a lower end which is aligned with the gas inlet port for receiving gas therefrom and an upper end which is higher than a lower edge of the cylindrical baffle. The main contacting section above the cylindrical member has a height which makes a ratio with a length of the cylindrical member having a value within the range between 2 and 50.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfur dioxide from a gas stream by absorption in a buffered, aqueous thiosulfate and polythionate solution followed by regeneration of the enriched solution with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfur wherein excess hydrogen sulfide recovered from the regeneration step is introduced to the absorption step to reduce bisulfite concentration in the enriched solution.

Abstract: Combustion air for steam cracking furnaces is preheated by indirect heat exchange with medium pressure and low pressure steam that has been expanded through steam turbines from high pressure steam produced in the hot section of an ethylene production plant.

Abstract: A hydrotreating reactor having a plurality of vertically spaced contacting stages having frusto-conical baffles for back-mixing hydrocarbon oil being treated and a plurality of clear oil outlets in fluid communication with a corresponding plurality of annular stilling chambers.

Abstract: A process for recovering elemental sulfur from a hydrogen sulfide containing gas stream by reacting the hydrogen sulfide in the gas stream with a buffered aqueous solution enriched in thiosulfate ions at an initial pH between about 4.5 and 6.5 for residence time to sufficiently react a portion of the hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. The elemental sulfur is then removed and the solution now lean in thiosulfate ions is regenerated by the oxidation of the remaining hydrogen sulfide in the gas stream to deplete the hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream and to regenerate the liquid solution for recycling to the reduction zone.

Abstract: A method for combustion of sulfur-containing fuel in a circulating fluid bed combustion system wherein the fuel is burned in a primary combustion zone under reducing conditions and sulfur captured as alkaline sulfide. The reducing gas formed is oxidized to combustion gas which is then separated from solids containing alkaline sulfide. The separated solids are then oxidized and recycled to the primary combustion zone.

Abstract: Ammonia synthesis gas is partially converted over iron-based synthesis catalyst, cooled, and further converted over a more active synthesis catalyst.

Abstract: Purge gas removed from a first synthesis loop for conversion of synthesis gas to ammonia over an iron based synthesis catalyst is converted to ammonia over a more active synthesis catalyst in a second synthesis loop.

Abstract: A process for production of ammonia wherein stoichiometrically hydrogen-lean synthesis gas is reacted over a highly active synthesis catalyst.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feedstocks including those containing sulfur are steam reformed in the presence of a catalyst which in the unreduced condition contains nickel oxide, rare earth metal oxide, and zirconium oxide.

Abstract: A wet scrubbing process for desulfurization of waste gas which employs calcium carbonate reactant in the presence of a magnesium compound wherein the magnesium compound is obtained from partially calcined, magnesium-containing limestone.

Abstract: A vertical, cold wall, three bed ammonia converter wherein the first catalyst bed is in series flow with the second and third beds which are in parallel flow, the converter having an internal indirect heat exchanger for cooling effluent from the first catalyst bed.

Abstract: Ammonia synthesis gas having excess nitrogen is produced in a reactor-exchanger primary reformer followed by an autothermal secondary reformer wherein process air for the latter is preheated by heat exchange with gas turbine exhaust and the primary reformer is heated by synthesis gas from the secondary reformer.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feed to a steam cracking furnace is heated to near cracking temperature by indirect heat exchange with steam to permit use of a range of feedstocks.

Abstract: A horizontal, cold wall, catalytic converter useful in ammonia synthesis having an internal feed/effluent heat exchanger and plurality of catalyst beds arranged for preheating reactant gases by indirect heat exchange with effluent from the first catalyst bed and subsequent gas flow to a second catalyst bed the gas flows being directed by gas transfer means disposed between the first catalyst bed and the heat exchanger.

Abstract: The present invention is an improvement to a process for producing methanol which uses both steam reforming and partial oxidation by adiabatically reforming with substantially pure oxygen the reformed gas to produce the maximum amount of hydrogen for the synthesis of methanol.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process which uses the methanol synthesis gas from steam reforming in a first methanol plant and effectively integrates a second methanol plant which uses as the methanol synthesis gas (a) the purge gas from the first methanol plant and (b) the clean syn-gas produced by partial oxidation.

Abstract: A system for producing superheated steam includes a waste heat boiler, a steam drum and a superheater. A process stream is utilized to provide the heat necessary to produce the steam and superheated steam. A floating head design is employed in both the waste heat boiler and the superheater.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are described for the vaporization of liquid fuel oils to produce a gaseous mixture suitable for burning in a burner normally designed for operation utilizing natural gas.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved synthesis process and system for the production of ammonia. More specifically, the present invention involves the use of a split axial flow converter in the low pressure synthesis of ammonia.