Abstract: A noncatalytic process for producing sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid in which sulfur is combusted with an oxygen-rich gas in the presence of recycled sulfur dioxide-rich gas to form sulfur trioxide which is absorbed in sulfuric acid and yield a sulfur dioxide rich gas which is compressed to form the recycled sulfur dioxide rich gas.

Abstract: The thermal oxidation or combustion step of the modified Claus process is split into two combustion steps with intermediate cooling of the products of combustion from the first combustion step in order to limit the combustion zone flame temperature to less than 3600.degree. F. when using an oxygen rich feed containing more than 30 percent oxygen in order to complete the partial oxidation of the sulfur producing by modified Claus reactions:3H.sub.2 S+11/2O.sub.2 .fwdarw.2H.sub.2 S+SO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 O2H.sub.2 S+SO.sub.2 H.sub.2 O.revreaction.3S+3H.sub.

Abstract: Sulfur is produced by contacting, in a catalytic selective oxidation zone, a feed gas comprising an acid gas stream containing from about 1 to 100 percent by volume in admixture with about 70 to 130 percent of the stoichiometric amount of oxygen required for conversion of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and a recycle gas which is a portion of the gas resulting from condensing sulfur from the effluent of the catalytic selective oxidation zone, with a catalyst selectively capable of oxidizing hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide substantially without formation of sulfur trioxide to form a gas stream comprising hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and sulfur at a temperature between the kindling temperature of the catalyst and about 850.degree. F. Formed sulfur is condensed from the effluent gas stream and a portion of the substantially sulfur-free effluent returned as recycle gas.

Abstract: Liquified hydrocarbon gases containing at least carbonyl sulfide as an impurity are purified by intimately mixing the liquified hydrocarbon gas with an aqueous absorbent for hydrogen sulfide in a hydrolysis zone maintained at a temperature and a pressure sufficient to maintain the liquified hydrocarbon gas in the liquid state and hydrolyze the carbonyl sulfide to hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. The liquified hydrocarbon gas containing at least a portion of the formed carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide is separated from the liquid absorbent and passed to an absorption zone where it is contacted with a liquid hydrogen sulfide absorbent where at least the formed hydrogen sulfide is separated from the liquified petroleum gas. A stage of absorption of at least hydrogen sulfide may proceed mixing of the liquified hydrocarbon gas with the absorbent in the hydrolysis reaction zone.

Abstract: A liquid or solid hydrocarbon is partially oxidized in the presence of steam and oxygen in a high temperature reducing flame zone to which at least sulfur dioxide is added to consume generated hydrogen and carbon monoxide formed in a second flame zone to form hydrogen sulfide as necessary for a Claus reaction. Elemental sulfur is thermally formed. The gas stream is rapidly cooled to prevent further reactions, then further cooled to condense sulfur. The resultant gas stream is passed to one or more Claus conversion zones where hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide react to form sulfur.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon is partially oxidized in the presence of steam and oxygen in a high temperature reducing flame zone to which sulfur is added in excess of the quantity of hydrogen and carbon monoxide formed to generate a second flame zone. The gas stream is rapidly cooled to prevent further reactions, then further cooled to condense sulfur to the extent of providing unreacted hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a molar excess over the residual sulfur present in the gas stream. The resultant gas stream is passed to a catalytic conversion zone where residual sulfur and carbonyl sulfide are converted to hydrogen sulfide. A formed gas stream free of sulfur and sulfur dioxide may be cooled to below the dew point of water to remove water prior to use.

Abstract: A slurry of particulate carbonaceous material such as coal and a liquid hydrocarbon solvent formed from liquefaction of the carbonaceous material in the presence of hydrogen are combined with hydrogen in a liquefaction zone operated at temperatures from 700.degree. to 1000.degree. F, and pressures up to about 2500 psi. There is generated vapor and liquid hydrocarbons and solid residue. Light liquid hydrocarbons may be recovered as a product or ultimately converted to methane. Another portion of the liquid is recycled as the hydrocarbon solvent. The higher boiling liquid hydrocarbons and the solid residue are subjected to gasification to yield a synthesis gas which serves as a stripping gas stream used for separating the products of liquefaction into useful constituents. Preferably, all of the synthesis gas formed in the process, hydrocarbon vapor, and the light liquid hydrocarbons are converted by a combination of reforming and methanation operations to methane.

Abstract: A reducing gas stream containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and water, as steam, is passed through a molten sulfur to vaporize sulfur. The gas stream containing the vaporized sulfur is passed through a catalytic conversion zone where at a controlled temperature of from about 500.degree. to about 800.degree. F sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide. The introduced steam optionally coupled with a water quench following hydrogenation of sulfur serves to suppress carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide formation.

Abstract: Apparatus for heating and mixing industrial tail gases with a reducing gas by burning a mixture of fuel, air, and steam in a combustion chamber having a small outlet opening at the end of the chamber. A jacket surrounds the combustion chamber. The industrial gases are circulated around the combustion chamber inside the jacket, heat being transferred from the combustion chamber to the industrial gas. It is then mixed with the combustion products from the outlet of the combustion chamber to form a high temperature mixture of an industrial gas and a reducing gas for subsequent processing.

Abstract: A slurry of particulate coal and a liquid hydrocarbon solvent formed from liquefaction of coal in the presence of hydrogen are combined with hydrogen in a liquefaction zone operated at temperatures from 700.degree. to 1000.degree. F, and pressures up to about 2500 psi. There are generated vapor and liquid hydrocarbons and solid residue. Light liquid hydrocarbons may be recovered as a product or ultimately converted to methane. Another portion of the liquid is recycled as the hydrocarbon solvent. The higher boiling liquid hydrocarbons and the solid residue are subjected to gasification to yield a synthesis gas which serves as a stripping gas stream used for separating the products of liquefaction into useful constituents. Preferably, all of the synthesis gas formed in the process, hydrocarbon vapor, and the light liquid hydrocarbons are converted by a combination of reforming and methanation operations to methane.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of coke oven gas containing hydrogen sulfide, organo-sulfur compounds, and at least one inorganic carbon-sulfur compound, comprises treating the gas stream to remove most of the hydrogen sulfide and then catalytically hydrogenating and/or hydrolyzing the organo-sulfur and carbon-sulfur compounds at an elevated temperature and a partial hydrogen pressure of at least 10 psia, followed by extraction of the remaining and formed hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: A sulfur bearing carbonaceous fuel, particularly a low BTU gaseous fuel, is burned in a deficiency of air in the combustion zone of a boiler to form a reducing gas containing H.sub.2 and CO in an amount in excess of that required to reduce the generated SO.sub.x to H.sub.2 S and COS. The oxides of sulfur and nitrogen are, in part, converted to H.sub.2 S, N.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3 during heat transfer in the boiler. The balance is passed through a catalyst chamber where sulfur species are converted to H.sub.2 S and oxides of nitrogen to N.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3. The formed H.sub.2 S is extracted from the flue gas prior to venting to the atmosphere and recovered as free sulfur. Catalytic conversion is carried out at a temperature from about 300.degree. to 800.degree. F.

Abstract: To permit the processing of hydrogen sulfide-fixed nitrogen compound feed streams, e.g. H.sub.2 S--NH.sub.3 mixtures without causing plugging problems usually encountered in a Claus sulfur plant due to the formation of solid nitrogen sulfur salts, a first hydrogen sulfide feed containing substantial quantities of fixed nitrogen compounds, a portion of a second hydrogen sulfide feed essentially free of fixed nitrogen compounds and air are combined in a first thermal reaction zone where the amount of oxygen present is sufficient to achieve a high flame temperature for essentially complete conversion of the fixed nitrogen compounds to inert nitrogen, but insufficient to consume all of the hydrogen sulfide present. The effluent of the first reaction zone is combined with the balance of the second hydrogen sulfide feed in a second thermal reaction zone where hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide react to form sulfur.

Abstract: An improvement to a Claus sulfur plant uses heat generated in the partial combustion of hydrogen sulfide to produce high pressure steam which is utilized before each catalytic conversion stage to heat the reactive gas stream to a temperature consonant with that required for the catalytic conversion of the sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the gas stream to water and sulfur.

Abstract: The energy requirements of a process for the solvent extraction of hydrocarbons from residua are reduced by nearly 50%, and capital requirements reduced substantially by evaporating solvent from extracted hydrocarbons in two or more pressure stages, the first stage evaporation occurring at a pressure sufficiently high to permit condensation of the solvent at a temperature sufficient to be combined with the solvent feed to the extractor at the required extraction temperature.

Abstract: A catalyst chamber capable of converting the oxides of sulfur to hydrogen sulfide and the oxides of nitrogen to inert nitrogen and ammonia in the presence of a reducing atmosphere is inserted downstream of the boiler section of a fossil fuel burning power generator and there is added a system for extracting formed hydrogen sulfide from the fuel gas stream.After combustion of the primary fuel, typically sulfur bearing coal in excess air, a gaseous hydrocarbon such as methane, is combined with the products of combustion to at least scavenge the oxygen present to form a boiler effluent which ranges from slightly oxidizing to reducing in nature.Where the boiler effluent is reducing in nature, partial conversion of the oxides of sulfur and the oxides of nitrogen occur in the boiler, the balance occurring in the catalyst chamber.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide replaces a portion of the water required to suppress the formation of carbon in gas phase catalytic reforming and hydrocracking processes of hydrocarbons, particularly aromatics. Hydrogen is present to prevent carbon formation from the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: To permit the processing of hydrogen sulfide-fixed nitrogen compound feed streams, e.g. H.sub.2 S-NH.sub.3 mixtures without causing plugging problems usually encountered in a Claus sulfur plant due to the formation of solid nitrogen sulfur salts, a first hydrogen sulfide feed containing substantial quantities of fixed nitrogen compounds, a portion of a second hydrogen sulfide feed essentially free of fixed nitrogen compounds and air are combined in a first thermal reaction zone where the amount of oxygen present is sufficient to achieve a high flame temperature for essentially complete conversion of the fixed nitrogen compounds to inert nitrogen, but insufficient to consume all of the hydrogen sulfide present. The effluent of the first reaction zone is combined with the balance of the second hydrogen sulfide feed in a second thermal reaction zone where hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide react to form sulfur.

Abstract: A sulfur dioxide containing gas stream is purified by passage through an absorber containing an aqueous absorption solution for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide-laden aqueous absorption solution is continuously removed from the absorber. Approximately one-third is passed to a sulfur production zone. The balance of the solution is passed to a sulfur dioxide stripping zone where the sulfur dioxide is separated from the absorption solution which is returned to the absorber. The extracted sulfur dioxide is catalytically hydrogenated to hydrogen sulfide which is passed to the sulfur production zone for reaction with sulfur dioxide to form elemental sulfur. After the formation of elemental sulfur, the balance of the aqueous absorption solution essentially free of sulfur dioxide is returned to the absorber.

Abstract: Ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide contained in gas streams are separated from the gas streams by contacting the gas stream with an aqueous solution containing free oxygen for a time sufficient for the ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide to react with the oxygen present to form ammonium thiocyanate and water for further treatment or disposal.One method of treatment is to thermally and catalytically convert for the ammonium thiocyanate to ammonia or nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide in the form of a second gas stream which is processed for recovery of any formed ammonia and the hydrogen sulfide.