Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the novel multistep procedure for preparation of polymer monoliths for use in solvent exchange, such as methods to exchange and activate fluoride ions on a flow through microfluidic chip for subsequent chemical synthesis. Methods according to the present disclosure include the application of such microfluidic platforms for rapid F18 radiosynthesis on a flow through microfluidic chip with high efficiency, followed by a subsequent nucleophilic fluorination reaction. Various other methods of exchanging and activating fluoride ions on a flow through microfluidic chip are also disclosed. Methods incorporating features of the present invention can be applicable to any flow through microfluidic device in any field, such as radiosyntheses, chemical syntheses, concentration of ions for environmental analyzes and sample preparation such as concentrating minute amounts of analyte to improve the downstream detection.

Abstract: A routing protocol is used to transmit messages from a sender to a receiver over a network of nodes, where adversaries can control links between the nodes and can also control the behavior of a large number of nodes. Various techniques can be used, along or in combination, to combat these effects. In one approach, certain trigger conditions are identified, the occurrence of which signals malicious behavior within the network. When signaled, the sender requests status reports from the intermediate nodes in an effort to determine which nodes are malicious. The information for the status reports is generated by nodes as packets are passed from one node to the next.