Abstract: Disclosed embodiments concern differentiating and classifying one or more targets using a perhalophenylazide-derived nanoparticle probe, or multiple such probes. Particular embodiments concern using statistical analysis to produce score plots illustrating the level of differentiation and/or classification. Also disclosed are methods for making perhalophenylazide-derived nanoparticle probes, individually or by using a microarray technique. Particular embodiments concern methods for using the per halophenylazide-derived nanoparticle probes to diagnose, detect, and/or treat a disease. Kits comprising the perhalophenylazide-derived nanoparticle probes are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and systems for analyzing samples, such as gas samples, are described. One method comprises providing a gas sample, increasing pressure applied to the gas sample to compress the sample to a smaller volume and provide a pneumatically focused gas sample, and analyzing the pneumatically focused gas sample using any of a variety of analytical techniques. Also disclosed are systems for gas analysis, including systems for analysis of pneumatically focused, and thereby concentrated, gas samples and for analysis of particulate matter in gas samples. Analytical systems constructed within personal computer cases also are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a gas sample is described. The method comprises providing a gas sample, increasing pressure applied to the gas sample to compress the sample to a smaller volume and provide a pneumatically focused gas sample, and analyzing the pneumatically focused gas sample using any of a variety of analytical techniques. Pneumatic Focusing generally means increasing the pressure of the sample, column or cell to a pressure of from about 100 psi to about 15,000 psi, more typically from about 200 psi to about 2,000 psi. Examples including gas chromatography and absorption spectroscopy are illustrated herein. Numerous other examples could be given. The method is well suited for analyzing gaseous samples, such as ambient air samples, both continuously, and remotely, using computer control. Continuously sampling ambient air provides a method for real-time monitoring of air quality. Continuous monitoring allows for pollutant exposure and allows for the identification of emission sources.