Patents Assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and Technology
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Patent number: 9325729Abstract: Systems and methods for determining a safety level of a network vulnerable to attack from at least one origin to at least one target are described. Machines, components, and vulnerabilities in a network may be associated to one another. Degrees of similarity among the vulnerabilities may be determined and subsets of vulnerabilities may be grouped based on their determined degrees of similarity to one another. This data may be used to generate an attack graph describing exploitation of vulnerabilities and grouped vulnerabilities and defining vulnerability exploit condition relationships between at least one origin and at least one target. The attack graph may be analyzed using a k-zero day metric function to determine a safety level.Type: GrantFiled: July 7, 2014Date of Patent: April 26, 2016Assignees: George Mason Research Foundation, Inc., The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Sushil Jajodia, Lingyu Wang, Steven Noel, Anoop Singhal
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Patent number: 9324534Abstract: A cold cathode field emission electron source capable of emission at levels comparable to thermal sources is described. Emission in excess of 6 A/cm2 at 7.5 V/?m is demonstrated in a macroscopic emitter array. The emitter has a monolithic and rigid porous semiconductor nanostructure with uniformly distributed emission sites, and is fabricated through a room temperature process which allows for control of emission properties. These electron sources can be used in a wide range of applications, including microwave electronics and x-ray imaging for medicine and security.Type: GrantFiled: October 20, 2014Date of Patent: April 26, 2016Assignee: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGYInventors: Fred Sharifi, Myung-Gyu Kang, Henri Lezec
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Patent number: 9198645Abstract: Methods for the formation of liposomes that encapsulate reagents in a continuous 2-phase flow microfluidic network with precision control of size, for example, from 100 nm to 300 nm, by manipulation of liquid flow rates are described. By creating a solvent-aqueous interfacial region in a microfluidic format that is homogenous and controllable on the length scale of a liposome, fine control of liposome size and polydispersity can be achieved.Type: GrantFiled: July 21, 2004Date of Patent: December 1, 2015Assignee: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce of The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Andreas Jahn, Wyatt N. Vreeland, Laurie E. Locascio, Michael Gaitan
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Patent number: 9140657Abstract: An embodiment of a method of detecting a J-coupling includes providing a polarized analyte adjacent to a vapor cell of an atomic magnetometer; and measuring one or more J-coupling parameters using the atomic magnetometer. According to an embodiment, measuring the one or more J-coupling parameters includes detecting a magnetic field created by the polarized analyte as the magnetic field evolves under a J-coupling interaction.Type: GrantFiled: April 13, 2010Date of Patent: September 22, 2015Assignees: The Regents of the University of California, The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Micah P. Ledbetter, Charles W. Crawford, David E. Wemmer, Alexander Pines, Svenja Knappe, John Kitching, Dmitry Budker
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Patent number: 9138727Abstract: Core-shell nanoparticles and techniques for their synthesis are described herein. Generally, the nanoparticles comprise a core that includes iron and at least one shell disposed about the core that includes nickel. In certain versions, the nanoparticles are free of precious metals.Type: GrantFiled: August 5, 2013Date of Patent: September 22, 2015Assignee: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGYInventor: Lauren F. Greenlee
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Patent number: 9101939Abstract: Various aspects are described for selectivity capturing cells or bioparticles on designated surfaces in dielectrophoretic systems and processes. A particular adhesive composition is described for enhancing cell retention. In addition, certain permeable polyester membranes used in the systems and processes are also described.Type: GrantFiled: September 21, 2012Date of Patent: August 11, 2015Assignee: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGYInventors: Michael Gaitan, John T. Elliott, Jennifer Hong Gordon, Darwin R. Reyes-Hernandez, Petra S. Dittrich, Conni Hanke
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Patent number: 9061907Abstract: A hydrogen storage material is provided, the hydrogen storage material comprises a hydride-forming solid disposed in a film, a hydrogen-diffusing solid media disposed in the film with the hydride-forming solid, and a high density of interfaces between the hydride-forming solid and the hydrogen-diffusing solid media in the film. The hydrogen storage material may be made by co-depositing the hydride-forming solid and the hydrogen-diffusing solid media to form the film having different solid phases of the hydride-forming solid and the hydrogen-diffusing solid media and a high density of interfaces therebetween.Type: GrantFiled: September 19, 2012Date of Patent: June 23, 2015Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Leonid A. Bendersky, Edwin J. Heilweil, Zhuopeng Tan
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Patent number: 9046731Abstract: Various plasmonic structures in the form of electrochromic optical switches are described which exhibit relatively high optical switching contrast. The switches generally include a collection of nanoslits formed in a thin electrically conductive film. An electrochromic material is disposed on the conductive film and along the sidewalls of the nanoslit(s).Type: GrantFiled: February 1, 2013Date of Patent: June 2, 2015Assignee: THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGYInventors: Henri J. Lezec, Erich C. Walter, Amit Agrawal, Albert Alec Talin, Ting Xu
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Patent number: 9048414Abstract: A method of processing a nonvolatile memory device includes forming a first electrode, depositing a layer of sol-gel solution on the first electrode, hydrolyzing the layer of sol-gel solution to form a layer of variable electric resistance material, and forming a second electrode on the layer of variable electric resistance material.Type: GrantFiled: December 22, 2008Date of Patent: June 2, 2015Assignee: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGYInventors: Nadine Gergel-Hackett, Behrang Hamadani, Curt A. Richter, David James Gundlach
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Patent number: 8950193Abstract: Pulse tube refrigeration or cooling systems are described which utilize a secondary regenerator or a secondary pulse tube. Use of such a secondary regenerator or pulse tube enables a commercially available pressure oscillator to be incorporated in the cooling system. The commercially available oscillator can be operated at room temperature or approximately so.Type: GrantFiled: January 24, 2011Date of Patent: February 10, 2015Assignee: The United States of America, as Represented by the Secretary of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Ray Radebaugh, Isaac Garaway, Peter E. Bradley
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Patent number: 8907553Abstract: A cold cathode field emission electron source capable of emission at levels comparable to thermal sources is described. Emission in excess of 6 A/cm2 at 7.5 V/?m is demonstrated in a macroscopic emitter array. The emitter is comprised of a monolithic and rigid porous semiconductor nanostructure with uniformly distributed emission sites, and is fabricated through a room temperature process which allows for control of emission properties. These electron sources can be used in a wide range of applications, including microwave electronics and x-ray imaging for medicine and security.Type: GrantFiled: August 8, 2012Date of Patent: December 9, 2014Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Fred Sharifi, Myung-Gyu Kang, Henri Lezec
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Patent number: 8857266Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and method for evaluating the development of PS during polymerization of dental restorative composites, which includes using a tensometer for measuring deflection of a calibrated cantilever beam induced by PS and calculating PS from the measured deflection. A tensometer according to an embodiment of the present invention can be used to quantify PS at varying beam locations and heights, and determine trend in PS development as a function of beam length. More importantly, in the present invention, the development of polymerization shrinkage and the elastic modulus can be simultaneously obtained in real time.Type: GrantFiled: October 27, 2011Date of Patent: October 14, 2014Assignee: The United States of America, as Represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventor: Martin Chiang
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Patent number: 8816296Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for use in highly sensitive and efficient neutron detection, that includes using trigger reactions to initiate far-ultraviolet (FUV) optical emissions. In some embodiments of the present invention, a method for the detection of slow neutrons includes absorption of a slow neutron with a high neutron capture-cross-section nucleus, decay of the compound nucleus into energetic particles, creation of excimers from the energetic particles reacting with a background gas to form excimers, radiative decay of excimers resulting in emission of FUV radiation, and detection of the FUV radiation using an optical detector.Type: GrantFiled: October 27, 2011Date of Patent: August 26, 2014Assignee: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Charles W. Clark, Patrick P. Hughes, Michael Alan Coplan, Alan Keith Thompson, Robert E. Vest
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Zero thermal expansion, low heat transfer, variable temperature sample assembly for probe microscopy
Patent number: 8763161Abstract: A variable temperature assembly for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is described which minimizes or eliminates motion of the sample caused by the thermal expansion or contraction of the sample holder assembly and platform/scanning stage on which the assembly is mounted, and minimizes heating or cooling of the platform/stage. In heater form, the variable temperature assembly includes a thin boron nitride puck with one or more high-resistivity wires embedded along an underside of the puck. The puck is suspended from its polished top surface by posts that are secured to the microscope stage. All thermal expansion of the puck occurs in the downward direction, away from the SPM probe-sample interface, thus eliminating relative motion between the probe tip and sample surface. The top surface of the puck remains stationary as a result of the unique geometry of the posts and the puck-post attachment configuration described herein.Type: GrantFiled: September 19, 2012Date of Patent: June 24, 2014Assignee: The United States of America, as Represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Rachel Cannara, Fred Sharifi, Zhao Deng -
Patent number: 8742334Abstract: A spinning cell device is described for fast and convenient standardization and analysis of constituents and isotopes in solid samples by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma (LA-ICP) spectrometry. The method and apparatus for performing the method require the sample under test and a standard to be spun during ablation allowing the quasi-simultaneous ablation of both materials. The aerosols resulting from the ablation of sample and standard are mixed in the ablation cell allowing quantification of the ablated metals by the method of standard addition or isotope dilution. The relative proportion of standard verses sample ablated can be changed by altering the trajectory of the laser beam. The ablated aerosol is swept into an inductively coupled plasma by a carrier gas and analyzed by mass spectrometry.Type: GrantFiled: April 19, 2013Date of Patent: June 3, 2014Assignee: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: John L. Molloy, Naomi Bier, Fanny Claverie, Julien F. C. Malherbe
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Patent number: 8715591Abstract: An apparatus to create a homogenous liposome population without post-processing using laminar flow/diffusive mixing, and for reducing waste discharge of the therapeutic or compound to be encapsulated and delivered by the liposomes.Type: GrantFiled: April 19, 2010Date of Patent: May 6, 2014Assignee: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Michael Gaitan, Andreas Jahn, Laurie E. Locascio, Wyatt Vreeland, Joseph E. Reiner
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Patent number: 8707224Abstract: A method of simplifying a combinational circuit establishes an initial combinational circuit operable to calculate a set of target signals. A quantity of multiplication operations performed in a first portion of the initial combinational circuit is reduced to create a first, simplified combinational circuit. The first portion includes only multiplication operations and addition operations. A quantity of addition operations performed in a second portion of the first, simplified combinational circuit is reduced to create a second, simplified combinational circuit. The second portion includes only addition operations. Also, the second, simplified combinational circuit is operable to calculate the target signals using fewer operations than the initial combinational circuit.Type: GrantFiled: September 14, 2012Date of Patent: April 22, 2014Assignees: The United States of America, as Represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards & Technology, University of Southern DenmarkInventors: Rene Caupolican Peralta, Joan Boyar
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Patent number: 8564785Abstract: A method of comb-based spectroscopy with synchronous sampling for real-time averaging includes measuring the full complex response of a sample in a configuration analogous to a dispersive Fourier transform spectrometer, infrared time domain spectrometer, or a multiheterodyne laser spectrometer. An alternate configuration of a comb-based spectrometer for rapid, high resolution, high accuracy measurements of an arbitrary cw waveform.Type: GrantFiled: September 16, 2010Date of Patent: October 22, 2013Assignee: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Nathan R. Newbury, Ian Coddington, William C. Swann
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Patent number: 8484756Abstract: A scanning probe microscopy instrument includes a cantilevered tip that has a nanowire light emitting diode (LED).Type: GrantFiled: January 19, 2011Date of Patent: July 9, 2013Assignee: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and TechnologyInventors: Kristine A. Bertness, Norman A. Sanford, Pavel Kabos, Thomas M. Wallis
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Patent number: 8435415Abstract: A nanofabrication process for use with a photoresist that is disposed on a substrate includes the steps of exposing the photoresist to a grayscale radiation pattern, developing the photoresist to remove a irradiated portions and form a patterned topography having a plurality of nanoscale critical dimensions, and selectively etching the photoresist and the substrate to transfer a corresponding topography having a plurality of nanoscale critical dimensions into the substrate.Type: GrantFiled: November 24, 2009Date of Patent: May 7, 2013Assignees: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Cornell University—Cornell Center for Technology, Enterprise & CommercializationInventors: Samuel Martin Stavis, Elizabeth Arlene Strychalski, Michael Gaitan