Abstract: A thermal energy storage system comprises a closed container, containing a storage medium capable of forming clathrate crystals, an emulsifier pump for intimately mixing the storage medium into a homogeneously suspended mixture and a heat exchanger for forming a cooled solution from the emulsified storage medium. The cooled solution is reinjected into the container under pressure by a plurality of nozzles to mix the storage medium and to form clathrate crystals. The system utilizes the latent and sensible heats of clathrate hydrate storage materials to promote effective heat transfer into and out of the system.

Abstract: A container holds a heat storage medium such as aqueous sodium thiosulfate having properties of melting into a liquid and crystallizing into a solid and saturated solution in a particular temperature range and of storing energy when converted to the molten state and of releasing such stored energy when crystallized. The sodium thiosulfate liquid may be chemically basic by the addition to the liquid of a suitable soluble additive material such as disodium hydrogen phosphate or trisodium phosphate or both. First and second tubes made from a suitable heat conducting material such as aluminum are disposed in the container in spaced and nested relationship to one another. The tubes may be joined by connecting members also made from aluminum. The first tubes are connected to provide for the circulation of a first fluid through the tubes to transfer energy to the heat storge medium for melting the material and further heating it above the melting interval.

Abstract: Closed heat transfer system including a body of water in a first container, a body of aluminum compound in a second container and a conduit connecting the containers, the system being operative in a first step to evaporate water from the first container to cool it by withdrawing heat of vaporization which is supplied to the water at relatively low temperature and to react the water vapor with the aluminum compound in the second container to generate heat at relatively high temperature and to combine with the water so that the water vapor pressure remains low and water continues to evaporate from the body of water for continued cooling, and the system operating in a second stage by supply of heat to the reaction products of the water and aluminum compound to restore the aluminum compound to its initial condition by driving off water which is condensed and returned to the body of water in the first container.