Abstract: An ion source for use in a mass spectrometer includes an electron emitter assembly configured to emit electron beams, wherein the electron emitter assembly comprises carbon nanotube bundles fixed to a substrate for emitting the electron beams, a first control grid configured to control emission of the electron beams, and a second control grid configured to control energies of the electron beams; an ionization chamber having an electron-beam inlet to allow the electron beams to enter the ionization chamber, a sample inlet for sample introduction, and an ion-beam outlet to provide an exit for ionized sample molecules; an electron lens disposed between the electron emitter assembly and the ionization chamber to focus the electron beams; and at least one electrode disposed proximate the ion-beam outlet to focus the ionized sample molecules exiting the ionization chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stand for pipette tips, comprising a base and a lid which provide a closed box. Between the base and the lid is a packing, which extends around a joint constituted thereby and is made of a material softer than that used for the base and the lid. This makes it possible to achieve air tightness required by sterility.

Abstract: This invention relates to a modulator for use in gas chromatographic analysis, adopted for alternatively trapping and releasing fractions of solutes in a length of a capillary column within a chromatographic oven, characterized in that it comprises at least one nozzle placed to spray at least one jet in at least one corresponding place along said capillary column length, said nozzle(s) being connected each to a source of liquid CO2 via a related valve, and means for alternatively opening said valve(s) for a predetermined time, to cause a jet of liquid CO2 to impinge for said predetermined time on said column place and to leave the oven atmosphere to heat said column place after said predetermined time. The modulator can be used in a conventional GC system or in a two dimensional GC system, for modulating the analytes fed to the second capillary column.

Abstract: A rheometer has a rotor comprising a shaft which is seated with play in a recess of a bearing block and is supported contact-free in a radial and/or axial direction by an external air cushion which acts in a bearing section. To provide for simple and inexpensive production of an air bearing having a high loading capacity, the wall of the recess in the bearing section is continuous without bore-holes, and consists of air-permeable material. The bearing air loads the side of the wall facing away from the shaft and penetrates through the wall.

Abstract: A fluid flow transducer module includes a fluid flow conduit having an inlet for receiving fluid, a transducer for measuring rate of flow of the fluid, an interface in communication with the transducer and adapted to receive rate of flow measurements from the transducer, the conduit having an outlet for flowing the fluid from the transducer to a reservoir, the outlet extending transversely of the conduit, a housing for the conduit, conduit inlet, conduit outlet, and transducer, the housing having opposed first and second walls, each wall having an opening for the outlet therein, and at least one of the walls being adapted for stacking engagement with a second transducer module of a same structure, such that the outlets of the modules are aligned to form a common conduit, and the interconnected modules form a flow transducer assembly having a plurality of fluid flow conduits and transducers.

Abstract: A rheometer has an upper measuring part and a lower measuring part, between which a measuring chamber is formed for receiving a sample of a substance to be examined, wherein the two measuring parts can be moved relative to each other and, in particular, can be rotated or pivoted. Moreover, a heating device is provided for heating at least the lower measuring part and therefore the sample. The lower measuring part comprises a support part carrying the sample which can be heated through application of an electrical voltage. The support part is preferably made from glass which is itself electrically conducting and/or which can be provided with an electrically conducting medium.

Abstract: A rheometer has an upper measuring part and a lower measuring part, between which a measuring chamber is formed for receiving a sample of a substance to be examined. The two measuring parts can be moved relative to each other and, in particular, be turned or pivoted, wherein the upper measuring part and/or the lower measuring part consist at least partially of ceramic material.

Abstract: A rheometer has a rotor comprising a shaft which is seated with play in a recess of a bearing block and is supported contact-free in a radial and/or axial direction by an external air cushion which acts in a bearing section. To provide for simple and inexpensive production of an air bearing having a high loading capacity, the wall of the recess in the bearing section is continuous without bore-holes, and consists of air-permeable material. The bearing air loads the side of the wall facing away from the shaft and penetrates through the wall.

Abstract: A rotational rheometer has a cylindrical outer housing into which a measuring container can be inserted substantially coaxially thereby forming a radial annular space. The measuring container has a measuring chamber for receiving a sample material. A fluid may flow through the annular space to bring the outside of the measuring container and thereby the sample material to a desired temperature. The fluid is a gas and a circulating device is provided within the outer housing for circulating the gas.

Abstract: A spectroscopic analyser and method of use, for surface analysis spectroscopy, are disclosed. The spectroscopic analyser 10 has a time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer which analyses secondary electrons emitted from a surface of a sample 30 on excitation by an irradiation source 40. The TOF spectrometer includes a gate 50, which receives and selectively passes a proportion of the secondary electrons by pulsed deflection or retardation of the electron beam using gating members 55. In that manner one or more pulses of electrons enter a magnetic field-free flight tube 90 and reach a detector 120 downstream of the gate 50. The flight times, and therefore energies, of the detected electrons through the flight tube 90 are thereby detected. A curved electron mirror 100 may be used to increase the flight path of the pulsed electrons in the flight tube 90, thereby increasing the spread of each electron pulse within the analyser 10.

Abstract: A fluid flow transducer module includes a fluid flow conduit having an inlet for receiving fluid, a transducer for measuring rate of flow of the fluid, an interface in communication with the transducer and adapted to receive rate of flow measurements from the transducer, the conduit having an outlet for flowing the fluid from the transducer to a reservoir, the outlet extending transversely of the conduit, a housing for the conduit, conduit inlet, conduit outlet, and transducer, the housing having opposed first and second walls, each wall having an opening for the outlet therein, and at least one of the walls being adapted for stacking engagement with a second transducer module of a same structure, such that the outlets of the modules are aligned to form a common conduit, and the interconnected modules form a flow transducer assembly having a plurality of fluid flow conduits and transducers.

Abstract: A multifunctional infrared spectrometer system has an interferometer which receives the infrared beam from a source and provides a modulated output beam on beam paths to multiple spatially separated infrared detectors. A multi-position mirror element mounted at a junction position receives the beam on a main beam path and directs it on branch beam paths to sample positions, with the beam then being directed on the branch beam path to one of the detectors. One of the branch beam paths may include a sample holder at the sample position which can index between a position at which a sample is analyzed, to a reference material position, to a pass-through position for calibration purposes.

Abstract: Alignment of multiple beam paths in a microscope such as a Raman spectrographic microscope utilizes an alignment instrument that is mounted on the stage of the microscope and positioned by the operator until an aperture of the alignment instrument is at an intended focal point of the microscope. A light source within the alignment instrument is turned on to project light through the aperture which is passed on a return light beam path to the input aperture of a spectrograph where it is detected. Features are included in the return beam path to adjust the beam path until the light detected is maximized, thereby aligning the return beam path to the intended focal point. The light source in the alignment instrument is turned off and a light source in the microscope system, such as a laser, is activated to provide an illumination light beam on a beam path that extends through the objective lens of the microscope, which focuses the beam onto the alignment instrument.

Abstract: In a method for determining the flow rate of a fluid flowing in a channel (2), the fluid being constituted by a liquid or a gas, two pulse shaped, oscillating signals are sent through the medium with one signal directed against (14) and the other signal directed with (12) the flow direction (4) of the fluid. The transmitted signals are received and the flow rate is determined by means of the phase shift between the received, pulse shaped signals caused by the flow of the fluid. The phase shift (20) between the signals is determined while compensating for the dwell time of the pulse shaped oscillating signals in the fluid.

Abstract: An optical measurement assembly includes a processor for providing a light source, for receiving light from a sample, and for analyzing the received light for detecting and measuring a target substance, and an optical head including a housing, a source light mirror mounted in the housing for directing a light beam onto the sample, the beam having a central axis extending from the source light mirror, a collector mirror mounted in the housing and having a central axis coinciding with the light beam central axis, and configured to receive light reflected from the sample, and a return mirror disposed in the housing for receiving light from the collector mirror. A source light guide extends from the processor light source to adjacent the optical head source light mirror, and a return light guide extends from adjacent the optical head return mirror to the light receiving means in the processor.

Abstract: A focused radiation collimator for collimating radiation emitted from a radiation point source located at a substantially known focal distance from the collimator is disclosed. In one embodiment of the disclosed collimator, the collimator is formed by at least two collimator layer groups, aligned, stacked and bonded together immediately adjacent to one another. Each of the collimator layer groups have a plurality of layer group passages arranged there through in a predetermined pattern which is unique to the layer group but which, with the passages of the other collimator layer group in the aligned stack, additively form a plurality of collimator through channels which are substantially aimed at the radiation point source. Each collimating layer group is formed by at least two substantially identical radiation absorbing layers, aligned, stacked and bonded together immediately adjacent to one another.

Abstract: A method for forming composite articles, particularly ceramic articles, from particles or fibers mixed in a thermally activated reactant gas stream. The particles or fibers are codeposited with material produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) onto a heated substrate until the desired thickness of composite is obtained. Removal of the substrate yields a near-net shaped codeposited composite article having a chemical vapor deposition produced matrix with particles or fibers embedded therein in a generally uniform distribution. The method provides high deposition rates, and the composite articles produced may have enhanced strength, thermal shock resistance, and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A convective dryer for drying a moving coated web has at least one module arranged on one side of the path of web travel. The module includes a housing subdivided into a first chamber opening towards the path of web travel and a second adjacent enclosed chamber. Mutually spaced nozzle assemblies extend laterally across the path of web travel within the first chamber. The nozzle assemblies are connected by a supply duct to air heating and recirculating components in the second chamber. The supply duct gradually diverges in width from a narrow inlet section communicating with the second chamber to a widened delivery end communicating with the nozzle assemblies at the approximate center of the path of web travel.

Abstract: A miniature heat exchanger. A small housing provides a heat exchanger surface, contains a spray shower head. A cooling fluid enters through a base plate and is sprayed through holes in the shower head on to the underside of the cooling surface. The heated coolant exists through exit holes in the nozzle and out a coolant outlet in the base plate. The device may also be used as a heater to provide temperature control to localized areas or large surfaces.