Abstract: A wear-resistant element for partial insertion into a recess on the surface of a wear area of a comminuting device. The wear-resistant element includes particles made of a highly wear-resistant material which are embedded in a matrix material.

Abstract: In a production mode a process for preparing sulfuric acid may involve oxidizing sulfur to sulfur dioxide in a first oxidation stage, and catalytically oxidizing the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in a second oxidation stage. The sulfur trioxide may be absorbed in at least one absorption stage. In the production mode, process gases from a last of the at least one absorption stage with respect to a flow direction are discharged. In a standby mode of the process, at least one heating stage for heating the process gases is connected. The process gases exiting from the at least one absorption stage are conveyed to the heating stage, and the process gases are circulated via the heating stage, the second oxidation stage, and the absorption stage.

Abstract: A classifying device may be used to classify a granular material flow. The classifying device may comprise a first inlet that allows a first material flow into the classifying device, a second inlet that allows a second material flow into the classifying device, a static classifier, and a dynamic classifier. The static classifier may be positioned such that the static classifier at least partially surrounds the dynamic classifier. The classifying device may comprise a distributing device that is designed in such a manner that it supplies the material flow of the first inlet to the static classifier and the material flow of the second inlet to the dynamic classifier.

Abstract: A method and device for producing ammonia from a syngas in a heterogeneous gas catalysis process in at least two reaction devices connected in series. Each reaction device includes at least two catalyst beds through which the syngas is conducted and in which an at least partial conversion of the syngas into the product gas is carried out. At least one first heat exchanger is provided in the first reaction device, and the fresh syngas is pre-heated in the first heat exchanger. The syngas exiting the first catalyst bed and which includes the product and non-converted reactants is cooled before entering the second catalyst bed. According to an embodiment of the invention, the pre-heating process is carried out in a first heat exchanger arranged between the first and the second catalyst bed. Thus, synthesis conversion can be increased without substantially increasing the process gas quantity.

Abstract: A cone crusher may include a crushing cone held on a driven eccentric bushing. The eccentric bushing may rotate in a radial direction about a spindle. The spindle may be fixedly clamped in a spindle receptacle provided in a housing lower part. The spindle may comprise a cylindrical upper bearing portion that is braced in a bore that forms the spindle receptacle by way of an upper mechanical clamping device.

Abstract: A method for disposing a bed comprising particles in a burner through which a gas can flow, more particularly in a burner basket of an ammonia oxidation burner, where the particles are disposed such that the bed has a greater flow resistance in an edge region of the burner than in an inner region of the burner. Further, a burner basket for a burner may have a bed comprising particles, wherein the particles are disposed such that the bed has a greater flow resistance in an edge region of the burner basket than in an inner region of the burner basket.

Abstract: A tray for a mass-transfer column permits contact between a liquid phase and a gas phase. The tray may comprise a tray feed via which the tray is charged with the liquid phase, a tray drain via which the liquid phase drains from the tray, and first guide means for guiding the liquid phase where the first guide means forms a first course path along which the liquid phase flows from the tray feed to the tray drain, enabling contact with the gas phase. A second guide means may form a second course path overlapping with the first course path, which leads from an inlet to an outlet. The first guide means may have at least two partial concentric paths. Temperature-control fluid may flow along the second course path in at least one of the at least two partial paths opposite the flow direction of the liquid phase.

Abstract: The integrated process comprises a step a) of dehydrogenating propane providing a stream S1 comprising propane and propene; a step b) of separating stream S1 in at least one rectification column, providing an overhead product stream S2 comprising more than 99% by weight propene, a side stream S3 comprising from 90 to 98% by weight propene and a bottoms product stream S4 enriched in propane; a step c) of reacting propene with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an epoxidation catalyst using propene in molar excess; and a step d) of separating non-reacted propene and propene oxide from the reaction mixture of step c) providing a propene oxide product and a stream S5 comprising propene and propane; wherein stream S3 is passed to step c), stream S5 is recycled to step b) and stream S4 is recycled to step a).

Abstract: A device for waste gas scrubbing in a urea plant may be configured such that a waste gas passes along a transportation direction in the duct. The duct may include a first region for removing urea dust particles from the waste gas and a second region for removing chemical compounds from the waste gas, which can be integrated by an acid-base reaction into an aqueous liquid phase. A cross-sectional area of the duct extending perpendicular to the transportation direction in the second region may be greater than a cross-sectional area extending perpendicular to the transportation direction in the first region. Further, the device may be configured such that the duct extends horizontally at least in sections and/or the transportation direction of the waste gas through the duct extends horizontally in an installed state.

Abstract: An example method for operating a plant, which has at least one assembly with a rotating surface that wears to an increasing extent during the operation of the plant, may involve evaluating a wear state of the rotating surface of the assembly. Based on the wear state of the rotating surface, a manner in which the plant is operated may be modified to prolong the running time of the assembly until, for instance, a next-scheduled service or maintenance interval. The modified manner of operating the plant may be adapted to the wear state of the rotating surface. Several examples of such modifications include changing a quantity of water sprayed onto material to be comminuted, changing a quantity of grinding additive added to material to be comminuted, and/or changing a contact pressure of a grinding roll of the assembly.

Abstract: A process and a device for the production of ammonia at different pressure levels may involve removing gases that are inert (inert gases) or harmful with regard to ammonia synthesis from the process in a process step before the ammonia synthesis so that enrichment of these is decreased or suppressed. For example, with respect to a gas mixture that includes hydrogen, nitrogen, water, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, at least part of the water, at least part of the methane, at least part of the carbon monoxide, and at least part of the carbon dioxide may be removed from the gas mixture before the synthesis of the ammonia occurs.

Abstract: A method of heat energy recovery in installations including at least one reformer, wherein, for the purpose of heat energy recovery, process condensate is preheated and/or evaporated on a cooling section of the installation by heat exchange with gas generated in the installation, in particular synthesis gas, wherein, prior to being preheated in a flue gas duct of the installation, combustion air is preheated by heat exchange by means of boiler feed water. The invention also relates to a heat energy recovery system for the implementation of the method.

Abstract: A process can be used to treat a synthesis gas stream comprising steam reforming firstly in a primary reformer and subsequently in a secondary reformer. Crude synthesis gas exiting the secondary reformer may be cooled in a steam generator and then further cooled in a steam superheater. The crude synthesis gas stream after exiting the secondary reformer may be split into at least two gas substreams, of which only a first gas substream is fed to the steam generator. A second gas substream may be supplied to the steam superheater, bypassing the steam generator. Only the first gas substream, after flowing through the steam generator, may be subjected to a CO conversion reaction in a first CO conversion reactor before the first gas substream is supplied to the steam superheater.

Abstract: A crusher may include a crushing member that is driven in an operatively connected manner by way of an eccentric element such that material to be crushed can be comminuted by way of a crushing movement generated at least in part by the eccentric element. At least one eccentric bushing may be connected by way of an active surface to the eccentric element by way of frictional engagement. The eccentric bushing may have a pressure medium chamber that uses pressure to vary the frictional engagement between the eccentric element and the eccentric bushing. In some examples, the crusher may be of a jaw type or a cone type.

Abstract: A device for producing granules that include ammonium sulfate may include a mixing device, an atomizing device and a fluidized bed. The mixing device may be utilized to produce a composition comprising ammonium sulfate and aluminum sulfate. The atomizing device may be disposed downstream of the mixing device and may be utilized to atomize the composition produced in the mixing device. The fluidized bed may also be disposed downstream of the mixing device. The fluidized bed may be utilized for producing the granules. Further, with respect to a process for producing granules comprising ammonium sulfate, a step of granulating a composition comprising ammonium sulfate and aluminum sulfate may involve providing ammonium sulfate-containing nuclei, fluidizing the ammonium sulfate-containing nuclei, and atomizing the composition onto the nuclei.

Abstract: A process for preparing ammonia via an electrolysis cell may involve feeding nitrogen as a first reactant into the electrolysis cell and using water or water vapor as a second reactant for electrolysis. In at least one step downstream of the electrolysis, there is a separation of other components from the ammonia, such as an at-least-partial separation of nitrogen, water, argon and/or hydrogen. Recovery of the reactants is connected upstream of the ammonia electrolysis. The nitrogen used as the first reactant may be procured beforehand in an air fractionation plant. The process may further involve removing from the electrolysis cell oxygen formed as a by-product in the electrolysis at an anode.

Abstract: A process for producing granulated fertilizer by fluidized-bed granulation in a fluidized-bed granulator may involve drawing in and heating air used for fluidization in the fluidized bed via a conduit before entry into the fluidized-bed granulator. Hot exhaust air exiting the fluidized-bed granulator may be obtained, and a substream of the hot exhaust air may be recirculated and used for fluidization. Such recirculation creates the possibility of utilizing heat energy present in the exhaust air and decreasing heat energy necessary for heating the fresh air for fluidization. The recirculated air can be, for example, purified by way of a cyclone precipitator to separate off solid particles before the purified exhaust air is combined with the fresh air.

Abstract: A tilting apparatus for emptying materials, including bulk material, out of railcars that are open at a top may include a tilting frame that is rotatable about an axis of rotation D and is connected to a platform that can receive at least one railcar, a clamping arm attached to the tilting frame in a rotatable manner, a locking device for preventing relative movement of the tilting frame and the clamping arm, and a bracket that is attached to the clamping arm such that in a tilted position of the tilting apparatus in which the tilting frame has been rotated about the axis of rotation that bracket lies at least partially against an upper edge of at least one of the side walls of the at least one railcar. Further, the hydraulic cylinder may be attached to the bracket.

Abstract: A wear-resistant element for partially inserting into a recess in the surface of a wear surface of a comminuting device. The wear-resistant element has a fastening region, which is connectable to the recess in the surface of the wear surface and a wearing region, which protrudes at least partially from the surface of the wear surface. The fastening region includes a material that is less wear-resistant than the material of the wearing region, wherein the wearing region extends beyond the fastening region at the level of the wear-resistant element.

Abstract: A process and a plant for producing nitric acid involves oxidizing ammonia in the presence of catalysts to provide nitrogen monoxide-containing process gas in an oxidation reactor. The formed nitrogen monoxide may be supplied with oxygen-containing gas, and nitrogen monoxide is oxidized to provide nitrogen dioxide that is reacted with water in an absorption apparatus to give nitric acid, nitrous acid, and/or solutions of nitrates and/or nitrites. Oxidation of the nitrogen monoxide may be effected in an additional reactor positioned between the oxidation reactor and the absorption apparatus and traversed by the process gas. The oxidation of the nitrogen monoxide may be effected in an additional reactor parallel and connected to the absorption apparatus and traversed by the process gas. The disclosed processes and plants feature a high energy efficiency combined with a simple construction, and existing plants are easily upgradeable.