Abstract: Waste such as sewage or industrial effluent is emulsified by cavitation with acoustical energy and the emulsion is then ozonated to provide a purified product.

Abstract: A multi-element gas filled surge arrester is disclosed in the form of a gas-filled generally cylindrical casing having an elongated rod-like ground electrode disposed along the casing axis with its ends terminating in casing end caps, and a linear alternating array of conductive and insulative sleeves interposed between the end caps, coaxial with the ground rod, and defining the cylinder of the casing. The assembly thus provides a stack of annular interacting ionizable gaps each of which may have its annular electrode connected to a respective terminal of repeater or other multi-terminal intermediate equipment having both input and output circuits, whereby ionization of one gap due to a surge appearing at its respective line terminals will promptly trigger ionization of the other gaps thus mitigating potentially damaging differential current flow resulting from differing strike potentials.

Abstract: The disclosed protector comprises a three electrode gas tube overvoltage protector serially connected with a heating element, the combination being connected in shunt across the load to be protected. Between that protecting shunt path and the source, a normally closed switch is provided which is responsive to the heating element and opens in the event of a sustained overvoltage condition. Accordingly, a prolonged surge which might otherwise destroy the gas tube and/or the protected load is isolated from both the shunt protection branch and from the load thus preventing damage to both.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are gas tube arrestor configurations employing multiple-function fail-safe elements which coact with the gas tube arrestor to define both a fusible path for fail-safe shorting and grounding of the arrestor in the event of certain forms of excessive overloads, as well as ionization gaps to provide backup overvoltage protection in the event of gas tube failure. In the illustrated embodiments, annular fusible rings are coaxially coupled to the gas tube housing in such a way as to provide, when fused, a short circuit connection between electrodes, the fusible rings also including pole face sections for defining an ionizable gap which functions as a backup air gap protector should the gas tube fail, e.g. because of a gas leak.Novel modular arrangements embodying the foregoing for use in central office and residential applications are also illustrated.

Abstract: An overvoltage protector circuit is disclosed for protecting multiple circuits, e.g. both the antenna and power circuits of a receiver, with a single unitary protector unit. The unit includes one three electrode gas tube connected across a power circuit which has a plug for connection to a wall outlet at one end and a receptacle for receiving the receiver plug at the other. The unit further includes another three electrode gas tube protector, the end electrodes of which are connected across an antenna circuit adapted to be connected at one end to the antenna and at the other end to the receiver antenna terminals (directly or via a splitter network). The ground or neutral system in the power circuit, or a separate auxiliary ground point, is connected to the casing of both overvoltage tubes.

Abstract: A surge suppression system for dampening surge pressures or pipe hammer by introducing a gas into a flow conduit in such an amount that the introduced gas is in excess of that required to saturate the liquid. Preferably, the gases are those which are relatively inert or not unduly reactive and which possess relatively low saturation levels with respect to the liquid. Desirably, the gas is added through a member to the flow conduit in a vicinity of high turbulence. The surge suppression system can be utilized in generally any liquid system and particularly in a liquid transmission system.Another embodiment pertains to a scrubber or washer for generally purifying gases and may contain one or two stages to efficiently remove impurities as through the use of high solubility fluids, fluids which decompose contaminants or which contain or provide (i.e. heating stage) catalysts to decompose contaminants, oxidizing agents, or reducing agents.

Abstract: A surge suppression system for dampening surge pressures or pipe hammer by introducing a gas into a flow conduit in such an amount that the introduced gas is in excess of that required to saturate the liquid. Preferably, the gases are those which are relatively inert or not unduly reactive and which possess relatively low saturation levels with respect to the liquid. Desirably, the gas is added through a member to the flow conduit in a vicinity of high turbulence. The surge suppression system can be utilized in generally any liquid system and particularly in a liquid transmission system.Another embodiment pertains to a scrubber or washer for generally purifying gases and may contain one or two stages to efficiently remove impurities as through the use of high solubility fluids, fluids which decompose contaminants or which contain or provide (i.e. heating stage) catalysts to decompose contaminants, oxidizing agents, or reducing agents.

Abstract: A surge suppression system for dampening surge pressures or pipe hammer by introducing a gas into a flow conduit in such an amount that the introduced gas is in excess of that required to saturate the liquid. Preferably, the gases are those which are relatively inert or not unduly reactive and which possess relatively low saturation levels with respect to the liquid. Desirably, the gas is added through a member to the flow conduit in a vicinity of high turbulence. The surge suppression system can be utilized in generally any liquid system and particularly in a liquid transmission system.Another embodiment pertains to a scrubber or washer for generally purifying gases and may contain one or two stages to efficiently remove impurities as through the use of high solubility fluids, fluids which decompose contaminants or which contain or provide (i.e., heating stage) catalysts to decompose contaminants, oxidizing agents, or reducing agents.

Abstract: A tertiary waste water treatment system wherein the waste water is subjected to physical chemical processes. The waste water is treated with a coagulating agent, a polyelectrolyte and then is clarified in a lamina preferably of unique design. The clarified waste water is then filtered and passed through an ozonation-sonication chamber wherein the liquid flows counter to the ozone. Within the tower, the liquid is subjected to substantial levels of sonication, enough to cause cavitation, either simultaneously with or prior to encountering large concentrations of ozone. After the ozonation-sonication treatment, the effluent may be discharged or it may be passed through an ozone contact chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a two stage oxidative system for the disinfection of material which may contain nitrogen commonly in the form of ammonia or ammonium as in the treatment of waste or sewage plant effluent by adding a primary oxidizing agent to the effluent to disinfect as well as to lower the pH of the effluent and by adding a secondary oxidizing agent to produce a synergistic disinfection system in which the distribution of ammonium and ammonia is shifted to nearly all ammonium. A desirable pH level is 7 or less with desirable primary oxidizing agents including aluminum chloride or ferric chloride with desirable secondary oxidizing agents including chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone as in oxygen or air, or sodium hypochlorite. The invention further relates to an activated sludge aeration system in which desirably there are no stagnant areas and maximum diffusion is achieved, efficiently.