Abstract: A shoulder strengthening apparatus includes a base, a shaft having a distal end portion and a proximal end portion pivotably coupled to the base, a hand rest coupled to the distal end portion of the shaft such that the hand rest is configured to move with the shaft relative to the base, and a resistance mechanism configured to restrict movement of the shaft relative to the base.

Abstract: Shoulder strengthening systems can provide multidirectional and dynamic resistance to shoulder movement of a user. A shoulder strengthening system can include a frame, a joint pivotably coupled to the frame, a resistance mechanism coupled to the joint, and a shaft coupled to the joint. Resistance mechanisms can include a first hydraulic member and a second hydraulic member. The first hydraulic member can be configured to restrict relative motion of the joint about a first axis and the second hydraulic member can be configured to restrict relative motion of the joint about a second axis. The shaft and the joint of a shoulder strengthening system can be configured to move together relative to the frame about the first and second axes.

Abstract: A shoulder strengthening apparatus includes a base, a shaft having a distal end portion and a proximal end portion pivotably coupled to the base, a hand rest coupled to the distal end portion of the shaft such that the hand rest is configured to move with the shaft relative to the base, and a resistance mechanism configured to restrict movement of the shaft relative to the base.

Abstract: A shoulder strengthening apparatus includes a base, a shaft having a distal end portion and a proximal end portion pivotably coupled to the base, a hand rest coupled to the distal end portion of the shaft such that the hand rest is configured to move with the shaft relative to the base, and a resistance mechanism configured to restrict movement of the shaft relative to the base.