Abstract: A first circuit means, which serves to cause reverse flow of a first pulse current of a large rate of rising and a narrow pulse width from cathode to gate of a gate turn-off thyristor in synchronism with the instant when turning off this thyristor, and a second circuit means, which serves to caus reverse flow of a second pulse current of a smaller rate of rising and a wider pulse width than the aforesaid first pulse current in superimposition thereupon from cathode to gate in synchronism with the turn-off instant, are provided.

Abstract: A method for automatically controlling the position of small objects, comprises the steps of moving the object to cause at least a portion of an optical image of the object to be imaged on a photoelectric array which is placed on an image formation plane; sequentially detecting outputs by scanning photoelectric converting elements constituting the photoelectric array; counting, in a digital fashion, the position data of the object based on the above-mentioned outputs to deliver a correction signal for moving the object to a predetermined position; moving the object to a predetermined position according to the correction signal; and checking the position of the object by detecting outputs of respective photoelectric converting elements after completion of the above-mentioned movement step and calculating the positional data of the object.

Abstract: A switching circuit having a current source connected to first, second and third lines in order to supply first and second current signals whose total amount remains constant to the first and second current lines, respectively. The current source further supplies a constant bias I.sub.B to the third line. First and second diode pairs are respectively connected in parallel in opposite directions between the first and third signal current lines, and between the second and third signal lines, respectively. First and second transistors are connected to the three signal current lines, respectively, with the base voltages of these transistors kept constant at the same voltage level. Accordingly, current passing through the first and second diode pairs change flow direction in accordance with the incremental variations of current flowing in the first and second lines.

Abstract: A battery deterioration indicator has a plurality of indication regions indicating a battery life when a battery voltage falls to a voltage corresponding to a predetermined different voltage level. The indicator is capable of detecting the drop of the battery voltage which shows the battery deterioration and indicating in turn the deteriorating degrees of the battery in the order of from a smaller degree of deterioration to a larger. Accordingly, users may know the battery deterioration by seeing signs indicated on the indicator long enough before the battery life runs out to secure a replacement and at the same time may know how long the remaining battery life will last.

Abstract: There are provided a semiconductor device having alternately layered insulating and conductive layers on the major surface of a semiconductor body and the process for manufacturing the semiconductor device. In the manufacturing process, the conductive layers other than the conductive layer finally formed are each formed to be a laminate including at least two metal layers of which the etching rates are different. The photo-engraving process follows this step. In the lamina, the metal layer closer to the semiconductor body has a lower etching rate than that of the metal layer formed thereover. In the semiconductor device, the conductive layer other than that disposed furthest away from the semiconductor body has its side wall diverged to widen toward the semiconductor body.

Abstract: A multiplier with Hall element is provided with a Hall element with a pair of control current input terminals and a pair of Hall output terminals, means by which current is converted into magnetic field and the converted magnetic field is applied to the Hall element, and at the same time the voltage to be multiplied by the current is converted into control current and the converted control current is fed to control current input terminals, and a differential amplifier circuit including first and second operational amplifiers having non-inverted input terminals connected to the Hall output voltage terminals, and a third operational amplifier having non-inverted and inverted input terminals to which the output of the first and second operational amplifier is applied. The differential amplifier circuit removes the in-phase components of the Hall output voltage and then amplifies it.

Abstract: A capacitor connected between the anode and cathode of an X-ray tube through an X-ray switch is charged by a DC output voltage including ripple component from a rectifier connected to the secondary of a high-tension transformer. The primary of the high-tension transformer is connected to a switching circuit. A switching control circuit produces a turn-on signal for the switching circuit when a pulse signal derived from a phase detector in synchronism with a given phase of the ripple component, an X-ray exposure instruction signal and a charge instruction signal formed in a comparator are logically processed, and a turn-off signal when the charge voltage of the capacitor reaches a given value. The switching circuit is ON-OFF controlled by the switching control circuit.

Abstract: A precise feeding table apparatus which comprises an XY-table assembly including a Y-table and an X-table mounted thereon. Electric motors for supplying a driving force to feed the X- and Y-tables are set on a base of the table apparatus. A driving shaft of the electric motor for the Y-table takes the form of a ball screw to cause a guide carriage supported by the driving shaft to make a minute reciprocation. A moment derived from the reciprocation of the guide carraige is not directly transmitted to the Y-table. A connection rod moving jointly with the guide carriage is connected to an output shaft fitted to the Y-table by means of a coupling including a fluid bearing. The fluid bearing supports the connecting rod in contactless relationship, thereby preventing the vibrations and moments of the connecting rod from being transmitted to the output shaft.

Abstract: A computed tomograph system comprises a radiation source for emitting a fan-shaped beam of penetrating radiation of included angle .alpha., and a radiation detector comprising a plurality of radiation detection cells on which the fan-shaped beam falls. Between the radiation source and the radiation detector a subject to be examined is placed. The radiation source and radiation detector are mounted on a support frame. The support frame is movable along an axis defined between the radiation source and the subject and rotatable with the subject as a center. The support frame is moved by a shifting mechanism so as to be adjustable in accordance with the size of the area of the subject to be examined or the size of the region of interest, and rotated by a rotating mechanism. The radiation source has a variable diaphragm for permitting the included angle .alpha. of the fan-shaped beam to be varied according to the size of the area of the subject and a variable slit for varying the thickness of the fan-shaped beam.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device in which a plurality of unit memory cells are formed on a semiconductor substrate; each memory cell comprises a main electrode region provided with either of the source and drain sections of an MOS transistor, a gate region and an MOS capacitor region, the main electrode region, gate region and capacitor region being arranged in the order mentioned; a recess is formed in a semiconductor region including the gate region and part of the MOS capacitor region; the gate region is formed in one selected portion of the recess-defining wall body; and part of the capacitor electrode of the capacitor region extends over another selected portion of the recess-defining wall body.

Abstract: A multiplier using Hall element comprises a Hall element with a pair of control current input terminals and a pair of Hall output terminals, an electromagnet for converting load current into magnetic field and for applying the magnetic field to the Hall element, a transformer for converting load voltage into control current, and a constant current circuit for making the secondary current of the transformer constant and then feeding it to said control current input terminals. The Hall element produces across the pair of Hall output terminals Hall output voltage corresponding to the product of the load current and the load voltage.

Abstract: A character display apparatus comprises a temporary memory unit for temporarily storing the internal data read out from a memory unit, a converting circuit for converting every given length of the internal data stored in the memory unit into numerical information, a display unit for displaying the numerical information delivered from the converting circuit in terms of an alphanumerical code in accordance with the contents of the numerical information.

Abstract: A bias circuit including a resistor and a zener diode connected in series between a terminal to be connected to a power source and a ground becomes conductive when a voltage difference across the terminal and ground exceeds a predetermined value to make protective transistors conductive. Upon conduction of the protective transistors, transistors in an amplifier circuit become nonconductive.

Abstract: An electrochromic display device comprising a first electrode composed of a substrate and a patterned conductive film formed thereon, an electrochromic material layer formed to cover the entire surface of the conductive film, a counter electrode disposed a predetermined distance apart from the first electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between these two electrodes.

Abstract: A charged particle beam scanning apparatus includes a deflector for a beam of charged particles which includes a magnetic field generator to supply an incoming electron beam with a magnetic field whose intensity grows higher in the opposite direction to that in which the beam is deflected.

Abstract: A mask for soft X-rays comprising a silicon film which permits the penetration of soft X-rays, a soft X-ray mask pattern deposited on one surface of the silicon film, and a supporting member composed of silicon layers and disposed marginally on the other surface of the silicon film, the silicon film being formed on the supporting member by epitaxial growth or impurity diffusion.A method of making a mask for soft X-rays which comprises the steps of successively forming a first and a second layer on a silicon substrate by epitaxial growth or the like, the first and second layers having different impurity concentrations; forming a soft X-ray mask pattern on the second layer; etching the silicon substrate selectively to remove the silicon substrate except its marginal region; and etching the first layer.

Abstract: A roll-up method for a display unit according to this invention consists of supplying data for designating a roll-up region to a roll-up address counter to designate an address for a refresh memory storing a character display data portion and a control data portion and modifying the contents of said address counter to modify the stored information of said refresh memory in a fly-back time of the display unit by means of a roll-up instruction, thereby rolling up said region.

Abstract: An X-ray photographing apparatus includes an X-ray tube for generating an X-ray pulse beam, a shutter for shutting off the X-ray pulse beam which is emitted from the X-ray tube, and a shutter controller for permitting the X-ray pulse beam shut off by the shutter to be passed therethrough when the intensity of the X-ray pulse beam from the X-ray tube reaches a substantially constant level. The apparatus permits the subject to be exposed at all times with a stabilized intensity of X-ray beam.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for measuring the charging degree of a liquid is provided with a casing accommodating an insulating material in the middle of a circulating system in which a base liquid is circulated.The charging degree of a test liquid is measured by the change of a charging quantity when the test liquid is injected by a syringe in the circulating system while a charging quantity which occurs from friction between the insulating material in the casing and the flowing base liquid is detected.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor layer on one side of a semiconductor body to define a pn-junction therebetween, diffraction gratings formed at a distance from each other on the top of said semiconductor layer, and electrodes formed between the diffraction gratings on the top of said semiconductor and formed on the other side of the semiconductor body.