Abstract: Methods of separating ionized particles comprise the step of providing a particle separator comprising a housing, and an electric field disposed inside the housing. The electric field defines a magnitude E (volt/cm) which increases the farther ionized particles travel within the housing. The method further includes delivering a gas flow, wherein the gas flow defines a velocity, Vgas, and delivering ionized particles into the housing, wherein the ionized particles define a mobility value, K (cm2/volt*sec). The product of the mobility value K and the electric field magnitude E define a mobility velocity for the ionized particles, Vmob (cm/sec)=K*E. The method also includes stopping the ionized particles at a location where Vmob is equal and opposite Vgas.

Abstract: Apparatus for generating ions in a gaseous medium, the apparatus including two electrodes separated by a dielectric material and a means for generating radio frequency pulses. The electrodes are of dissimilar size and are attached to opposite sides of the dielectric material. The smaller electrode shape and circumference is configured to control the quantity of plasma that is produced. Method of generating ions in a gaseous medium having the step of applying a radio frequency voltage between two electrodes separated by a dielectric material so as to generate a plasma ion source. Locating the plasma ion source in a confined area to yield NO3-ions. Locating the plasma ion source in an open configuration to yield predominantly CO3-ions with minor amounts of O2- and O3-ions.

Abstract: A liquid electrode mixture for use in a gas sensor having from about 60 to about 240 milligrams of platinum black catalyst; from about 900 to about 1100 milligrams of water; from about 300 to about 400 microliters of 1-propanol; and from about 100 microliters to about 150 microliters of a polymer mixture comprising from about 40% to about 80% PTFE by weight and water.