Abstract: A robust and rugged method for sensing atoms and molecule using a small hybrid Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber (HCPBF) is described. The hybrid fiber and associated chamber apparatus is amenable to mass production and can be used for wavelengths of light from 400 nm to 2000 nm.

Abstract: A robust, rugged, and small hybrid fiber for use in reference chambers was created using a Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber (HCPBF). The hybrid fiber and associated chamber apparatus is amenable to mass production and can be used for wavelengths of light from 400 nm to 2000 nm. The apparatus and method of making thereof is described herein.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a vacuum chamber having operating pressures in the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) range (10?8 torr to 10?13 torr) and incorporating transparent windows, said windows constructed from transparent materials (preferably glass), and having low helium permeability velocity under operating and storage conditions. Embodiments may also contain surface coatings on windows to reduce helium permeation. Also disclosed herein is a method for vacuum processing said chamber by heating entire chamber and exposing the inside and outside of the chamber windows to helium free environments. Methods for final sealing said chamber are also discussed. The vacuum chamber is useful as a container for optically-cooled atoms for use in quantum information and atomic clocks and as a sensor for magnetic fields, gravitational fields, and inertial effects.