Abstract: Provided according to embodiments of the invention are methods of disrupting, removing, and/or preventing biofilm formation on a surface. Such methods use compositions that include nanoparticles and/or microparticles that include an inert liquid and/or gas core surrounded by an enclosing substance. Further provided according to embodiments of the invention are methods for disrupting a biofilm to extract an analyte from a sample, methods of disrupting superficial dermal layers, and methods of disrupting, removing, and/or preventing biofilms in hydroponic systems, microbial fuel cells, and on agricultural products.

Abstract: A sonicator system for sonicating materials in a sample array includes a transducer layer configured to emit acoustic energy; and a multifocus acoustic lens layer configured to focus the acoustic energy from the transducer layer to the sample array to thereby simultaneously sonicate materials in the sample array.