Abstract: Gas injected into a liquid flowing through a pipeline is sheared to increase the interfacial surface area by a shearing element which consists of an elongate body which can be placed directly inside the conduit, the element having baffles transverse to its center axis, the baffles being apertured with holes less than about 0.5 cm in diameter. In preferred embodiments, the baffles define a series of zig-zag flow paths which promote turbulent flow while also urging the gas bubbles into and through the apertures. The bubbles are thus sheared and agitated at the same time.

Abstract: Biological decontamination and the avoidance of accumulation of dissolved solids are both achieved in captured and recirculated water systems by a continuously operating system involving the use of a chemical filtration unit, removal of dissolved solids as they are concentrated at the filtration unit, a disinfectant treatment, and the protection of the chemical filtration unit from degradation by the disinfectant where necessary.

Abstract: An ozone generation cell operating by corona discharge in an annular passage with regions of corona discharge alternating with corona-free regions where cooling takes place is improved by the incorporation of corrugated, deformable heat transfer walls in the corona-free regions. These corrugated walls impart flexibility to the structure, and thereby relieve the strain on the structural components. This permits the heat transfer wall, which is the outer of the two cylinders defining the annular passage, to center the inner of the two cylinders inside it and thus achieve a more uniform gap width in the corona regions. This is of value since the inner cylinder is preferably made of a ceramic material and not perfectly straight. The corrugations also promote turbulent flow in both the coolant medium and the gas mixture in which the ozone is generated.

Abstract: Ozone is added to captured water by a method and apparatus which involves corona discharge into an oxygen-containing gas in regions in a generator which alternate with regions where the newly formed ozone is cooled. The alternating corona and cooling regions permit the ozone to form without being thermally decomposed as soon as it is formed. Also disclosed is an overall system and method of controlling the level of dissolved ozone in a body of captured water which modulates the output of an ozone generator in accordance with readings of oxidation-reduction potential in the water.