Abstract: A method for characterizing a rechargeable battery (91-96) that is at risk of lithium plating comprises: receiving (1001) operating values (41) of the battery (91-96) as time-series, wherein the operating values of the battery comprise a terminal voltage of the battery (U(t)) and a battery current of the battery (I(t)), determining (1002) a simulated terminal voltage (USim(t)) using a model of the battery (400) on the basis of the battery current (I(t)), comparing (1003) the simulated terminal voltage (USim(t)) with the terminal voltage (U(t)), determining (1004, 1004a, 1004b) a lithium plating state of the battery on the basis of the comparison.

Abstract: A state value for a rechargeable battery, for example a lithium-ion battery, is determined on the basis of several aging characteristic variables. The aging characteristic variables comprise at least one current aging value and one future aging value.

Abstract: A method for server-side characterization of a rechargeable battery (91-96) comprises obtaining operating values for a capacity of the battery (91-96) and an impedance (91-96) of the battery; based on the operating values: performing at least one state prediction (181-183) for the battery (91-96), each of the at least one state predictions (181-183) comprising a plurality of iterations (1099), wherein in each iteration (1099) a simulation of an electrical state of the battery (91-96) and a thermal state of the battery (91-96) is performed and an aging estimate for the capacity and the impedance is determined based on the results, wherein the aging estimate from a first iteration (1099) of the respective state prediction (181-183) is used for the simulation in a subsequent second iteration (1099) of the respective state prediction (181-183).