Abstract: A modular integrated ultracapacitor-based energy storage and power delivery apparatus (UCAP module) is described. In some embodiments, the UCAP module comprises: at least one ultracapacitor cell coupled together in a series, parallel, or combination of both series and parallel configuration; an integrated charging unit; conductive hardware electrically coupling the ultracapacitors cells together; at least one UCAP terminal rod extending throughout the UCAP module and used to route power within the UCAP module and in some embodiments to other UCAP modules; and a protective casing. In some embodiments the UCAP terminal rod couples the UCAP module to at least one additional UCAP module in a series, parallel, or a combination of both series and parallel configurations. In other embodiments, the UCAP module further comprises connector rods that electrically and mechanically couple the UCAP module to at least one additional UCAP module.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for an energy storage system. In one aspect, the energy storage system includes a controller configured to connect a first capacitor system and a second capacitor system in series with an output of a battery system during a high current demand event such that the voltage of the output of the battery system is supported within the voltage constraints of the output of that battery system.

Abstract: An electric double-layer ultracapacitor configured to maintain desired operation at an operating voltage of three volts, where the capacitor includes a housing component, a first and a second current collector, a positive and a negative electrode electrically coupled to one of the first and second current collectors, and a separator positioned between the positive and the negative electrode. At least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode can include a treated carbon material, where the treated carbon material includes a reduction in a number of hydrogen-containing functional groups, nitrogen-containing functional groups and/or oxygen-containing functional groups.

Abstract: In one aspect, an embodiment of this invention comprises an energy storage device balancing apparatus. The energy storage device balancing apparatus comprises a balancing circuit and an alarm circuit. Both the balancing circuit and the alarm circuit are coupled to the energy storage device. The balancing circuit is configured to monitor a voltage of the energy storage cell and dissipate energy from the energy storage cell if the voltage is at or above a first reference voltage. The alarm circuit is configured to generate an alarm when the voltage of the energy storage cell is at or above a second reference voltage and dissipate energy from the energy storage cell when the voltage is at or above the second reference voltage.