Abstract: A scanner comprises a mirror, a first and second springs, an insulation layer and a first and second piezoelectric elements. The insulation layer is directly attached to the mirror and the first and second springs. The first and second piezoelectric elements are directly attached to the insulation layer. The first piezoelectric element has a first portion above the first spring, a mid-range portion above the mirror and a second portion above the second spring. The second piezoelectric element has a first portion above the first spring, a mid-range portion above the mirror and a second portion above the second spring. The first piezoelectric element has a first upper electrode layer, a first piezoelectric layer and a first lower electrode layer. The second piezoelectric element has a second upper electrode layer, a second piezoelectric layer and a second lower electrode layer.

Abstract: An electrostatic scanner has a mirror, a first outer slow-scan spring, a second outer slow-scan spring, a plurality of out-of-plane comb assemblies, circuitry for voltage or resistance measurement. Angular positions of a mirror can be determined by changes of resistance of deformed springs located in a leg of the circuitry. The determined angular positions of the mirror can be used for feedback control. The mirror is a one-dimensional mirror to rotate about a first axis or a two-dimensional mirror to rotate about the first axis and a second axis perpendicular to the first axis. In one example, the circuitry is Wheatstone bridge circuitry.

Abstract: An electrostatic scanner is disclosed. The electrostatic scanner comprises a mirror, one or more actuating comb assemblies, one or more sensing comb assemblies and two or more springs. The one or more sensing comb assemblies each have a movable sensing combteeth set, an upper fixed sensing combteeth set and a lower fixed sensing combteeth set. The upper fixed sensing combteeth set and the movable sensing combteeth set form an in-plane comb configuration. The lower fixed sensing combteeth set and the movable sensing combteeth set form a vertical comb configuration. An upper fixed sensing combtooth of the upper fixed sensing combteeth set is shorter than a lower fixed sensing combtooth of the lower fixed sensing combteeth set.

Abstract: An autofocus system is disclosed. The autofocus system includes a lens assembly, an upper actuator, and a lower actuator. The upper and the lower actuators have stationary elements and movable elements. The lens assembly is attached to the movable elements of the upper and the lower actuators. The autofocus system allows three degrees of freedoms of translational adjustments and two degrees of freedoms of rotational adjustments.

Abstract: A zoom function system is disclosed. The zoom function system includes an upper lens assembly, a lower lens assembly, an upper actuator, and a lower actuator. The upper and the lower actuators have stationary elements and movable elements. The upper lens assembly is attached to one of the movable elements of the upper actuator. The lower lens assembly is attached to one of the movable elements of the lower actuator. The zoom function system allows three degrees of freedoms of translational adjustments of lens assemblies and is capable of realigning the lens assemblies to improve the qualities of images.